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The Pineal Gland

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Abstract

The human pineal is a small gland shaped as a pine cone and located posteriorly in the midline of the brain, at the quadrigeminal plate cistern. In adults, the gland measures approx 8 mm in its longest diameter and weighs approx 100 mg. During embryonic development, the gland arises from an area of ependymal thickening from the most caudal portion of the roof of the third ventricle that evaginates during the seventh week of gestation [1]. The gland continues to be attached to the third ventricle by a short stalk after birth [2]. However, the pineal gland is not directly connected to the brain in the adult. Its stimulatory pathway appears to consist of the retina and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (retinohypothalamic tract), the intermediolateral gray column of the thoracic spinal cord, and the superior cervical ganglion [3,4]. The pineal gland is one of the circumventricular organs of the brain. Consequently, it lacks a blood—brain barrier.

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  1. M. Beatriz S. Lopes MD
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  1. Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Ricardo V. Lloyd MD, PhD

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Lopes, M.B.S. (2004). The Pineal Gland. In: Lloyd, R.V. (eds) Endocrine Pathology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-403-0_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-403-0_6

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