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Endocrine Pathology pp 39–60Cite as

Hypothalamus and Neurohypophysis

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Abstract

An English scientist, Geoffrey Harris, first suggested that the brain controlled the pituitary gland through chemical mediators [1]. He supposed that the cells of the hypothalamus might synthesize pituitary-controlling hormones and release them into nearby blood vessels, which reach and distribute the “Turkish saddle.” Harris showed that cutting of the portal vessels impeded pituitary hormone production. However, it was not until the hypothalamic hormones were discovered that Harris’ theory was proved. Hypothalamic hormones, which are secreted by the hypothalamic neurons and regulate the anterior pituitary hormones (Table 1), were mostly discovered by two competiting researchers: Dr. Roger Guillemin and Dr. Andrew Schally [1–3]. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was the first hypothalamic hormone identified [4,5], followed by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ([LH-RH] or gonadotropin-releasing hormone [Gn-RH]) [6], somatostatin [7], and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GH-RH) [8,9]. The search for hypothalamic hormones by Guillemin and Schally was so competitive that it was called “the Nobel duel.” Both research groups had attempted to discover corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a hypothalamic hormone that is secreted by stress and releases adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary, but without success. Although both Schally and Guillemin were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1977 [1–3], the identification of CRH needed to await the isolation of CRH from ovine brain by Vale et al. [10] and the subsequent molecular cloning of the human C RH gene by Shibahara et al. [11].

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Authors
  1. Kazuhiro Takahashi MD
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  2. Osamu Murakami MD
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  3. Toraichi Mouri MD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Ricardo V. Lloyd MD, PhD

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Takahashi, K., Murakami, O., Mouri, T. (2004). Hypothalamus and Neurohypophysis. In: Lloyd, R.V. (eds) Endocrine Pathology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-403-0_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-403-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

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