Abstract
The 2000 US census data has demonstrated that the number of older men is growing faster than the number of older women. In comparison to the 1990 census, the number of men over the age of 65 yr has increased by 15%, whereas the number of women over that age has increased 10%. In absolute numbers, older women still outnumber older men, but the gap between the genders in closing. This has many potential implications in regards to aging men’ s health issues and surely will add impetus to trying to bring more clarity to the topic of male hormone replacement for older men (male HRT, or androgen replacement therapy [ART]).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Vermeulen A. Clinical Review 24: Androgens in the aging male. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:221–224.
Gray A, Berlin JA, McKinlay JB, Longcope C. An examination of research design effects on the association of testosterone and male aging: results of a meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 1991;44:671–684.
Deslypere JP, Vermeulen A. Leydig cell function in normal men: effect of age, life-style, residence, diet and activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;59:955–962.
Ferrini RL, Barrett-Connor E. Sex hormones and age: a cross-sectional study of testosterone and estradiol and their bioavailable fractions in community-dwelling men. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:750–754.
Gray A, Feldman HA, McKinlay JB, Longcope C. Age, disease, and changing sex hormone levels in middle-aged men: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73: 1016–1025.
Morley JE, Kaiser FE, Perry HM, et al. Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone in healthy older men. Metabolism 1997;46:410–413.
Znuda JM, Cauley JA, Kriska A, et al. Longitudinal relation between endogenous testosterone and cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle-aged men: a 13-year follow-up of former Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial participants. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:609–617.
Harman SM, Metter EJ, Tobin JD, Pearson J, Blackman MR. Longitudinal effects of aging on serum total and free testosterone levels in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:724–731.
Perry HM, Miller DK, Patrick P, Morley JE. Testosterone and leptin in older African-American men: relationship to age, strength, function, and season. Metabolism 2000;49:1085–1091.
Usanachitt C, Leepipatpaiboon AAS, Numchaisrika P. Relationship of male hormonal levels and aging in Thai males. Aging Male 2000;3(Suppl 1):47.
Geller J, Albert J, Lopez D, et al. Comparison of androgen metabolites in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and normal prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976;43:686–690.
Harman SM, Tsitouras PD. Reproductive hormones in aging men. I. Measurement of sex steroids, basal luteinizing hormone, and leydig cell response to human chorionic gonadotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;51:35–40.
Baker HWG, Burger HG, deKretser DM, et al. Changes in the pituitary-testicular system with age. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1976;5:349–372.
Nieschlag E, Lammers U, Freischem CW, et al. Reproductive functions in young fathers and grandfathers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;55:676–681.
Mulligan T, Iranmanesh A, Hohnson ML, et al. Aging alters feed-forward and feedback linkings between LH and testosterone in healthy men. Am J Physiol 1997;273:R1407-R1413.
Marrama P, Montanini V, Celani MR, et al. Decrease in luteinizing hormone biological activity/ immunoactivity ratio in elderly men. Maturitas 1984;5:223–231.
Tenover JS, Matsumoto AM, Plymate SR, Bremner WJ. The effects of aging in normal men on bioavailable testosterone and luteinizing hormone secretion: response to clomiphene citrate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;5:1118–1126.
Bannister P, Oakes J, Sheridan P, Mosowsky MS. Sex hormone changes in chronic liver disease: a matched study of alcoholic versus non-alcoholic liver disease. Q J Med 1987;240:305–313.
Kley HK, Niederau C, Stremmel W, et al. Conversion of androgens to estrogens in idiopathic hemochromatosis: comparison with alcoholic liver disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;61:1–6.
Turner HE, Wass JAH. Gonadal function in men with chronic illness. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997;47: 379–403.
Pont A, Graybill JR, Craven PC, et al. High-dose ketoconazole therapy and adrenal and testicular function in humans. Arch Intern Med 1984;144:2150–2153.
Lardinois CK, Mazzaferri EL. Cimetidine blocks testosterone synthesis. Arch Intern Med 1985;145: 920–922.
MacAdams, MR, White RH, Chipps BE. Reduction of serum testosterone levels during chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:648–651.
Gaigulli VA, Kauman JM, Vermeulen A. Pathogenesis of the decreased androgen levels in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:997–1000.
van den Beld AW, deJong FH, Grobbee DE, et al. Measures of bio-available serum testosterone and estradiol and their relationship with muscle strength, bone density, and body composition in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3276–3282.
Nilsson P, Moller L, Solkad K. Adverse effects of psychosocial stress on gonadal function and insulin levels in middle aged males. J Intern Med 1995;237:479–486.
Khosla S, Melton LJ, Atkinson EJ, et al. Relationship of serum sex steroid levels and bone turnover markers with bone mineral density in men: a key role for bio-available estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2266–2275.
Nankin HR, Calkins JH. Decreased bioavailable testosterone in aging normal and impotent men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;63:418–420.
Tenover JS, Matsumoto AM, Clifton DK, Bremner WJ. Age-related alterations in the circadian rhythms of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in healthy elderly men. J Gerontol Med Sci 1988;43:M163-M169.
Morley JE, Charlton E, Patrick P, et al. Validation of a screening questionnaire for androgen deficiency in aging males. Metabolism 2000;49:1239–1242.
Vermeulen A, Verdonck L, Kaufman JM. A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3666–3672.
Haren M, Nordin BEC, Pearce CEM, et al. The calculation of bioavailable testosterone. In: Robaire R, Chemes H, Morales CA, eds. Andrology in the 21st Century. Medimond Medical Publishing, Englewood, NJ, 2001, pp. 209–215.
Forbes GB, Reina JC. Adult lean body mass declines with age: some longitudinal observations. Metabolism 1970;19:653–663.
Melton LJ, Khosla S, Riggs BL. Epidemiology of sarcopenia. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75(Suppl):S 10–S 13.
Lexell J, Henriksson-Larsen K, Wimblod B, Sjostrom M. Distribution of different fiber types in human skeletal muscles: effects of aging studied in whole muscle cross section. Muscle Nerve 1983;6:588–595.
Larsson LG, Grimby G, Karlsson J. Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology. J Appl Physiol 1979;46:451–456.
Wolfson L. Judge J, Whipple R, King M. Strength is a major factor in balance, gait, and the occurrence of falls. J Gerontol 1995;50:A64-A67.
Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al. Testosterone replacement increases fat-free mass and muscle size in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:407–413.
Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1–7
Kohrt WM, Malley MT, Dalsky GP, Holloszy JO. Body composition of healthy sedentary and trained, young and older men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24:832–837.
Bjorntorp P. Visceral obesity: a civilisation syndrome. Obes Res 1993;1:206–222.
Vermeulen A, Goemaere S, Kaufman J. Sex hormones, body composition and aging. Aging Male 1999;2:8–15.
Seidell JC, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, et al. Visceral fat accumulation in men is positively associated with insulin, glucose and C-peptide levels, but negatively with testosterone levels. Metabolism 1990;39:897–901.
Orwoll ES, Klein RF. Osteoporosis in men. Endocr Rev 1995;16:87–116.
Gallagher JC, Melton LJ, Riggs BL, et al. Epidemiology of fractures of the proximal femur in Rochester, Minnesota. Clin Orthoped 1980;150:163–168.
Magaziner J, Simonsick EM, Kashner TM, et al. Survival experience of aged hip fracture patients. Am J Public Health 1989;79:274–235.
Stanley HL, Schmitt BP, Poses RM, Deiss WP. Does hypogonadism contribute to the occurrence of minimal trauma hip fracture in elderly men? J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:766–771.
Stephan JJ, Lachman M, Zverina J, et al. Castrated men exhibit bone loss: effect of calcitonin treatment on biochemical indices of bone remodeling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989;69:523–527.
Goldray D, Weisman Y, Jaccard N, et al. Decreased bone density in elderly men treated with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist decapeptyl (D-Tryp6-GnRH). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;76:288–290.
Finkelstein JS, Klibanski A, Neer RM, et al. Osteoporosis in men with idiopathic hypogonadaotropic hypogonadism. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:354–361.
Behre HM, Kliesch S., Leifke E. et al. Long-term effects of testosterone therapy on bone mineral density in hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:2386–2390.
Schiavi RC. Androgens and sexual function in men. In: Oddens BJ, Vermeulen A, eds. Androgens and the Aging Male. Parthenon, New York, 1996, pp. 111–128.
Korenman SG, Morley JE, Mooradian AD, et al. Secondary hypogonadism in older men: its relation to impotence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:963–969.
Kwan M, Greenleaf WJ, Mann J, et al. The nature of androgen action on male sexuality: a combined laboratory-self-report study on hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57:557–562.
Carani C, Zini D, Baldini A, et al. Effects of androgen treatment in impotent men with normal and low levels of free testosterone. Arch Sex Behav 1990:19:223–234.
Wang C, Alexander G, Berman N, et al. Testosterone replacement therapy improves mood in hypogonadal men-a clinical research center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:3578–3583.
Margolese HC. The male menopause and mood: testosterone decline and depression in the aging male-is there a link? J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000;13:93–101.
Barrett-Connor E, Von Muhlen DG, Kritz-Silverstein D. Bioavailable testosterone and depressed mood in older men: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:573–577.
Janowsky JS, Oviatt SK, Orwoll ES. Testosterone influences spatial cognition in older men. Behav Neurosci 1994;108:325–332.
Barrett-Connor E, Goodman-Gruen D, Patay B. Endogenous sex hormones and cognitive function in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3681–3685.
Shahidi NT. Androgens and erythropoiesis. N Engl J Med 1971;289:72–80.
Claustres M, Sultan C. Androgen and erythropoiesis: evidence for an androgen receptor in erythroblasts from human bone marrow cultures. Horm Res 1988;29:17–22.
Vahlquist B. The cause of the sexual differences in erythrocyte, hemoglobin and serum iron levels in human adults. Blood 1950;5:874–875.
McCullagh EP, Jones R. Effect of androgens on the blood count of men. J Clin Endocrinol 1942;2: 243–247.
Matsumoto AM. Effects of chronic testosterone administration in normal men: safety and efficacy of high dosage testosterone and parallel dose-dependent suppression of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and sperm production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:282–287.
Garry PJ, Goodwin JS, Hunt WC. Iron status and anemia in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1983;31: 389–394.
Kirkland RT, Keenan BS, Probstfield JL, et al. Decrease in plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol at puberty in boys with delayed adolescence. Correlation with plasma testosterone levels. JAMA 1987;27:502–507.
Friedl KE, Hannan CJ, Jones RE, Plymate SR. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is not decreased if an aromatizable androgen is administered. Metabolism 1990;39:69–74.
Goldberg RB, Rabin AN, Alexander AN, et al. Suppression of plasma testosterone leads to an increase in serum total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol and Apo A and B. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;60:203–207.
Barrett-Connor E, Khaw RT, Yen SS. Testosterone and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in men. Diabetes Metab 1995;21:156–161.
Caron P, Bennet A, Camare L, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma is related to testosterone in man. Metabolism 1989;38:1010–1013.
Webb CM, McNeill JG, Hayward CS, et al. Effects of testosterone on coronary vasomotor regulation in men with coronary heart disease. Circulation 1999;100:1690–1696.
Webb CM, Adamson DL, deZeigler D, Collins P. Effect of acute testosterone on myocardial ischemia in men with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:437–439.
Behre HM, Bohmeyer J. Nieschlag E. Prostate volume in testosterone-treated and untreated hypogonadal men in comparison to age-matched normal controls. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1994;40:341–349.
Morgenthaler A, Bruning CO, DeWolf WC. Occult prostate cancer in men with low serum testosterone levels. JAMA 1996;276:1904–1906.
Tenover JS. Effects of testosterone supplementation in the aging male. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:1092–1098.
Morley JE, Perry HM, Kaiser FE, et al. Effects of testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal males: a preliminary study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:149–152.
Jackson JA, Kleerekoper M, Parfitt AM, et al. Bone histomorphometry in hypogonadal and eugonadal men with spinal osteoporosis, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;65:53–58.
Kenny AM, Prestwood KM, Gruman CA, et al. Effects of transdermal testosterone on bone and muscle in older men with low bioavailable testosterone levels. J Gerontol Med Sci 2001;56A:M266-M272.
Katznelson L, Finkelstein JS, Schoenfeld DA, et al. Increase in bone density and lean body mass during testosterone administration in men with acquired hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:4358–4365.
Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Hannoush P, et al. Effect of testosterone treatment on bone mineral density in men over 65 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1966–1972.
Reid IR, Wattie DJ, Evans MC, Stapleton JC. Testosterone therapy in gluco-corticoid treated men. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:1173–117.
Bakhshi V, Elliott M, Gentili A, et al. Testosterone improves rehabilitation outcomes in ill older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:550–553.
Clague JE, Wu FCW, Horan MA. Difficulties in measuring the effect of testosterone replacement therapy on muscle function in older men. Int J Androl 1999;22:261–265.
Marin P, Holmang S, Gustafsson C, et al. Androgen treatment of abdominally obese men. Obes Res 1993;1:245–251.
Urban RJ, Bodenburg YH, Gilkison C, et al. Testosterone administration to elderly men increases skeletal muscle strength and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol 1995;269:E820-E826.
Sih R, Morley JE, Kaiser FE, et al. Testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal men: a 12-month randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1661–1667.
Snyder PJ, Peachey H, Hannoush P, et al. Effect of testosterone treatment on body composition and muscle strength in men over 65 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2647–2653.
Hajjar RR, Kaiser RE, Morley JE. Outcomes of long-term testosterone replacement in older hypogonadal males: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3793–3796.
Cherrier MM, Asthana S, Plymate S, et al. Testosterone supplementation improves spatial and verbal memory in healthy older men. Neurology 2001;57:80–88.
Krauss DJ, Taub HA, Lantiga LJ. Risks of blood volume changes in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone enanthate for erectile impotence. J Urol 1991;146:1566–1570.
Drinka PJ, Jochen AL, Cuisinier M, et al. Polycythemia as a complication of testosterone replacement therapy in nursing home men with low testosterone levels. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43:899–901.
Matsumoto AM, Sandblom RE, Schoene RB, et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men: effects on obstructive sleep apnoea, respiratory drives, and sleep. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1985; 22:713–721.
Santamaria JD, Prior JC, Fleetham JA. Reversible reproductive dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1988;28:461–470.
Mooradian AD, Morley JE, Korenman SG. Biological action of androgens. Endocr Rev 1987;8:1–28.
Brown-Séquard, CE. Experience demontrant la puissance dynamogenique chez l’ homme d’ un liquide extrait de testicules d’ animaux. Arch Phys Norm Pathol 1889;21:651–656.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tenover, J.L. (2003). Androgens in Older Men. In: Bagatell, C.J., Bremner, W.J. (eds) Androgens in Health and Disease. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-388-0_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-388-0_18
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-314-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-388-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive