Abstract
An ideal tumor classification system should be accurate, reproducible, easy to use, and above all, biologically meaningful and clinically relevant. The traditional approach has relied heavily on the morphologic features of the tumor with modifications based on correlative clinicopathologic studies. The older lymphoma classification systems discussed in the Working Formulation (1) are based on this principle but despite this simple approach, they have made significant contributions to the diagnosis and treatment of lymphoma. In the past two decades, there has been emarkable advances in our understanding of the immune system, the process of oncogenesis, and in how some key genes and genetic pathways influence the behavior of tumor cells. The more recent classification systems (2,3) attempt to incorporate our current knowledge from multiple disciplines to divide lymphomas into distinct clinicopathologic entities. However, there is clearly marked biologic heterogeneity within each of these entities, as illustrated by the significant survival differences of individuals within each type of lymphoma, when cases are segregated according to the International Prognostic Index (IPI) (4) (Fig. 1).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma pathologic classification project: National Cancer Institute sponsored study of classifications of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: summary and description of a Working Formulation for clinical usage. (1982) Cancer 49, 21122135.
Harris, N. L., Jaffe, E. S., Stein, H., et al. (1994) A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 84, 1361–1392.
Jaffe, E. S., Harris, N. L., Stein, H., and Vardiman, J. W. (2001) WHO Classification of Tumours; Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. IRCA Press, Lyon.
Armitage, J. O. and Weisenburger, D. D. (1998) New approach to classifying non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas: clinical features of the major histologic subtypes. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification Project. J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 2780–2795.
Pearson, P. L. and Van der Luijt, R. B. (1998) The genetic analysis of cancer. J. Intern. Med. 243, 413–417.
Ermolaeva, O., Rastogi, M., Pruitt, K. D., et al. (1998) Data management and analysis for gene expression arrays. Nat. Genet. 20, 19–23.
Sherlock, G. (2000) Analysis of large-scale gene expression data. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 12, 201–205.
Drexler, H. D. (2001) The Leukemia and Lymphoma Cell Line-Facts Book. Academic Press, London.
Cross, N. C. (1995) Quantitative PCR techniques and applications. Br. J. Haematol. 89, 693–697.
Orlando, C., Pinzani, P., and Pazzagli, M. (1998) Developments in quantitative PCR. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 36, 255–269.
Gerard, C. J., Olsson, K., Ramanathan, R., Reading, C., and Hanania, E. G. (1998) Improved quantitation of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma using real-time polymerase chain reaction and plasmid-DNA complementarity determining region III standards. Cancer Res. 58, 3957–3964.
Luthra, R., McBride, J. A., Cabanillas, F., and Sarris, A. (1998) Novel 5’ exonucleasebased real-time PCR assay for the detection of t(14;18)(g32;g21) in patients with follicular lymphoma. Am. J. Pathol. 153, 63–68.
Zaidi, A. U., Enomoto, H., Milbrandt, J., and Roth, K. A. (2000) Dual fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical detection with tyramide signal amplification. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 48, 1369–1375.
Nuovo, G. J. (1998) In situ localization of PCR-amplified DNA and cDNA. Mol. Biotechnol. 10, 49–62.
Huang, J. Z., Sanger, W. G., Greiner, T. C., et al. (2002) The t(14;18) defines a unique subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with a germinal center B-cell gene expression profile. Blood 99, 2285–2290.
Shipp, M. A., Ross, K. N., Tamayo, P., et al. (2002) Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma outcome prediction by gene-expression profiling and supervised machine learning. Nat. Med. 8, 68–74.
Emmert-Buck, M. R., Roth, M. J., Zhuang, Z., et al. (1994) Increased gelatinase A (MMP-2) and cathepsin B activity in invasive tumor regions of human colon cancer samples. Am. J. Pathol. 145, 1285–1290.
Siedow, J. N. (2001) Making sense of microarrays. Genome Biol. 2, 4003.1–4003.2.
Alizadeh, A. A., Eisen, M. B., Davis, R. E., et al. (2000) Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 403, 503–511.
Alizadeh, A., Eisen, M., Davis, R. E., et al. (1999) The lymphochip: a specialized cDNA microarray for the genomic-scale analysis of gene expression in normal and malignant lymphocytes. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 64, 71–78.
Eisen, M. B., Spellman, P. T., Brown, P. 0., and Botstein, D. (1998) Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14, 863–14, 868.
Lossos, I. S., Alizadeh, A. A., Eisen, M. B., et al. (2000) Ongoing immunoglobulin somatic mutation in germinal center B cell-like but not in activated B cell-like diffuse large cell lymphomas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 10,209–10, 213.
Horsman, D. E., Gascoyne, R. D., Coupland, R. W., Coldman, A. J., and Adomat, S. A. (1995) Comparison of cytogenetic analysis, southern analysis, and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of t(14; 18) in follicular lymphoma. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 103, 472–478.
Yunis, J. J., Frizzera, G., Oken, M. M., McKenna, J., Theologides, A., and Arnesen, M. (1987) Multiple recurrent genomic defects in follicular lymphoma. A possible model for cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 316, 79–84.
Weiss, L. M., Warnke, R. A., Sklar, J., and Cleary, M. L. (1987) Molecular analysis of the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation in malignant lymphomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 317, 1185 1189.
Cornillet, P., Rimokh, R., Berger, F., et al. (1991) Involvement of the BCL2 gene in 131 cases of non-Hodgkin’s B lymphomas: analysis of correlations with immunological findings and cell cycle. Leuk. Lymphoma 4, 355–362.
Davis, R. E., Brown, K. D., Siebenlist, U., and Staudt, L. M. (2001) Constitutive nuclear factor kappaB activity is required for survival of activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells. J. Exp. Med. 194, 1861–1874.
Rosenwald, A., Wright, G., Chan, W. C., et al. (2002) The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 1937–1947.
Damle, R. N., Wasil, T., Fais, F., et al. (1999) Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 94, 18401847.
Hamblin, T. J., Davis, Z., Gardiner, A., Oscier, D. G., and Stevenson, F. K. (1999) Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 94, 1848–1854.
Rosenwald, A., Alizadeh, A. A., Widhopf, G., et al. (2001) Relation of gene expression phenotype to immunoglobulin mutation genotype in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J. Exp. Med. 194, 1639–1647.
Klein, U., Tu, Y., Stolovitzky, G. A., et al. (2001) Gene expression profiling of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia reveals a homogeneous phenotype related to memory B cells. J. Exp. Med. 194, 1625–1638.
Frazer, J. K., Jackson, D. G., Gaillard, J. P., et al. (2000) Identification of centerin: a novel human germinal center B cell-restricted serpin. Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 3039–3048.
Ried, T., Liyanage, M., du Manoir, S., et al. (1997) Tumor cytogenetics revisited: comparative genomic hybridization and spectral karyotyping. J. Mol. Med. 75, 801–814.
Kallioniemi, A., Kallioniemi, O. P., Sudar, D., et al. (1992) Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors. Science 258, 818–821.
Pollack, J. R., Perou, C. M., Alizadeh, A. A., et al. (1999) Genome-wide analysis of DNA copy-number changes using cDNA microarrays. Nat. Genet. 23, 41–46.
Lichter, P., Joos, S., Bentz, M., and Lampel, S. (2000) Comparative genomic hybridization: uses and limitations. Semin. Hematol. 37, 348–357.
Wessendorf, S., Fritz, B., Wrobel, G., et al. (2002) Automated screening for genomic imbalances using matrix-based comparative genomic hybridization. Lab. Invest. 82, 47–60.
Aoudjit, F., Masure, S., Opdenakker, G., Potworowski, E. F., and St-Pierre, Y. (1999) Gelatinase B (MMP-9), but not its inhibitor (TIMP-1), dictates the growth rate of experimental thymic lymphoma. Int. J. Cancer 82, 743–747.
Kossakowska, A. E., Huchcroft, S. A., Urbanski, S. J., and Edwards, D. R. (1996) Comparative analysis of the expression patterns of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in breast neoplasia, sporadic colorectal neoplasia, pulmonary carcinomas and malignant non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas in humans. Br. J. Cancer 73, 1401–1408.
Vacca, A., Moretti, S., Ribatti, D., et al. (1997) Progression of mycosis fungoides is associated with changes in angiogenesis and expression of the matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Eur. J. Cancer 33, 1685–1692.
Kossakowska, A. E., Hinek, A., Edwards, D. R., et al. (1998) Proteolytic activity of human non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Am. J. Pathol. 152, 565–576.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chan, W.C., Staudt, L.M. (2003). Gene Expression Profiling in Lymphoid Malignancies. In: Ladanyi, M., Gerald, W.L. (eds) Expression Profiling of Human Tumors. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-386-6_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-386-6_18
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-375-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-386-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive