Abstract
Pasteur patented the use of whole microbial cells in fermentation in the latter part of the nineteenth century. However, there are much earlier references to microbial fermentations, dating back to alcohol fermentation thousands of years ago. Although more recent times have seen the introduction of many novel processes. We have yet reached a full understanding of even the simplest fermentation. Today the commercial application of whole cells is broad and impacts industries as varied as pharmaceuticals, fuels, foods, and chemicals. Despite the complexity of whole cells, they remain the most commercially successful of the “biocatalysts.” Still, as with the commercialization of all biological systems, the challenge is both identifying new and useful properties of commercial interest, and the performance of these biological systems under conditions that are commercially relevant. The most promising biocatalysts never find commercial success simply because they do not perform under conditions that would make them cost effective.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Babbitt, P. C., Mrachko, G. T., Hasson, M. S., Huisman, G. W., Kolter, R., et al. (1995) A functionally diverse enzyme superfamily that abstracts the alpha protons of carboxylic acids. Science 267, 1159–1161.
Baltz, R. H. (1986) Mutagenesis in Streptomyces spp., in Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
Chen, T. S. and Inamine, E. S. (1989) Studies on the biosynthesis of avermectins. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 270, 521–525.
Crameri, A., Dawes, G., Rodriguez, E., Jr., Silver, S., and Stemmer, W. P. (1997) Molecular evolution of an arsenate detoxification pathway by DNA shuffling. Nat. Biotechnol. 15, 436–438.
Crameri, A., Raillard, S. A., Bermudez, E., and Stemmer, W. P. (1998). DNA shuffling of a family of genes from diverse species accelerates directed evolution. Nature 391, 288–291.
Crameri, A., Whitehorn, E. A., Tate, E., and Stemmer, W. P. (1996). Improved green fluorescent protein by molecular evolution using DNA shuffling. Nat. Biotechnol. 14, 315–319.
Giver, L. and Arnold, F. H. (1998). Combinatorial protein design by in vitro recombination. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2, 335–338.
Hopwood, D. A. and Wright, H. M. (1978). Bacterial protoplast fusion: recombination in fused protoplasts of Streptomyces coelicolor. Mol. Gen. Genet. 162, 307–317.
Hopwood, D. A. and Wright, H. M. (1979). Factors affecting recombinant frequency in protoplast fusions of Streptomyces coelicolor. J. Gen. Microbiol. 111, 137–143.
Ikeda, H., Nonomiya, T., Usami, M., Ohta, T., and Omura, S. (1999). Organization of the biosynthetic gene cluster for the polyketide anthelmintic macrolide avermectin in Streptomyces avermitilis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9509–9514.
Ikeda, H. and Omura, S.. (1995). Control of avermectin biosynthesis in Streptomyces avermitilis for the selective production of a useful component. J. Antibiotics 48, 549–562.
MacNeil, D. J. (1995). Avermectins. Biotechnology 28: 421–42.
May, O., Nguyen, P. T., and Arnold, F. H. (2000). Inverting enantioselectivity by directed evolution of hydantoinase for improved production of L-methionine. Nat. Biotechnol. 18m 317–320.
Minshull, J. and Stemmer, W. P. (1999). Protein evolution by molecular breeding. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3, 284–290.
Moore, J. C. and Arnold, F. H. (1996). Directed evolution of a para-nitrobenzyl esterase for aqueous-organic solvents. Nat. Biotechnol. 14, 458–467.
Ness, J. E., del Cardayre, S. B., Minshull, J., and Stemmer, W. P. (2000). Molecular breeding: the natural approach to protein design. Adv. Protein Chem. 55, 261–292.
Ness, J. E., Welch, M., Giver, L., Bueno, M., Cherry, J. R., et al. (1999). DNA shuffling of subgenomic sequences of subtilisin. Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 893–896.
Patnaik, R., Louie, S. K. P., and Del Cardayre, S. B. (2001). Genome shuffling of Lactobacillus for improved acid tolerance. Nat. Biotechnol. 38, 707–712.
Powell, K. A., Ramer, S. W., del Cardayre, S. B., Stemmer, W. P. C., Tobin, M. B., et al. (2001). Directed Evolution and Biocatalysis. Angewanndte Chemie International Edition 40, 3948–3959.
Raillard, S., Krebber, A., Chen, Y., Ness, J. E., Bermudez, E., et al. (2001). Novel enzyme activities and functional plasticity revealed by recombining highly homologous enzymes. Chem. Biol. 8, 891–898.
Stemmer, W. P. (1994). DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and reassembly: in vitro recombination for molecular evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 10,747–10,751.
Stemmer, W. P. (1994). Rapid evolution of a protein in vitro by DNA shuffling. Nature 370, 389–391.
Tobin, M. B., Gustafsson, C., and Huisman, G. W. (2000). DIrected Evolution: the ‘rational’ basis for ‘irrational’ design. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 10, 421–427.
Vinci, V. A. and Byng, G. 1999. Strain improvement by non-recombinant methods, in Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, (Demain, A. L., Davies, J. E., eds.), ASM Press, Washington, DC.
Zhang, J. H., Dawes, G., and Stemmer, W. P. (1997). Directed evolution of a fucosidase from a galactosidase by DNA shuffling and screening. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4504–4509.
Zhang, Y. X., Perry, K., Vinci, V. A., Powell, K. A., Stemmer, W. P., and del Cardayre, S. B. (2001). Genome shuffling leads to rapid improvement in bacterial phenotype. Nature 415, 644–646.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
del Cardayre, S., Powell, K. (2003). DNA Shuffling for Whole Cell Engineering. In: Vinci, V.A., Parekh, S.R. (eds) Handbook of Industrial Cell Culture. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-346-0_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-346-0_17
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-315-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-346-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive