Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Pediatric Endocrinology pp 117–137Cite as

Turner Syndrome

  • Chapter

  • 254 Accesses

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

Abstract

Turner Syndrome (TS) is one of the most common human chromosome anomalies. It occurs in approximately 1:2000 female live births (1) regardless of ethnic background. Girls with TS have an abnormal or missing X chromosome that causes short stature and may cause lymphedema, cardiac abnormalities, gonadal dysgenesis, dysmorphic features and other problems (2,3). Approximately 50–60% of girls with TS are reported to have a 45,X karyotype. These girls tend to have the severest phenotype and are frequently diagnosed as newborns (4,5). Twenty to thirty percent ave structural abnormalities of the X chromosome such as rings, isochromosomes of the long arm, and partial deletions of the short arm. Thirty to forty percent have mosaic patterns (karyotypes having two or more distinct cell types) involving the X chromosome such as 45,X/46,XX, 45,X/46,X,i(X) and 45,X/46,XY. This is thought to result from chromosome loss after fertilization (6).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Nielsen J, Wohlert M. Chromosome abnormalities found among 34,910 newborn children: results from a 13-year incidence study in Arhus, Denmark. Hum Genet 1991; 87: 81–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Saenger P. Turner’s Syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996; 335 (23): 1749–1754.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lippe BM. Turner Syndrome. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric Endocrinology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA 1996, pp. 387–421.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hook EB, Warburton D. The distribution of chromosomal genotypes associated with Turner’s syndrome: Livebirth prevalence rates and evidence for diminished fetal mortality and severity in genotypes associated with structural X abnormalities or mosaicism. Hum Genet 1983; 64: 24–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Neely EK, Rosenfeld RG. Phenotypic correlations of X-chromosome loss. In: Wachtel SS, ed. Molecular Genetics of Sex Determination. Academic Press, San Diego: 1994, pp. 311–339.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Leonova J, Hanson C. A study of 45,X/46,XX mosaicism in Turner syndrome females: a novel primer pair for the (CAG)n repeat within the androgen receptor gene. Hereditas 1999; 131 (2): 87–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zinn AR, Ross JL. Turner syndrome and haploinsufficiency. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998; 8 (3): 322–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ogata T, Matsuo N. Turner syndrome and female sex chromosome aberrations: deduction of the principal factors involved in the development of clinical features. Hum Genet 1995; 95 (6): 607–629.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Clement-Jones M, Schiller S, Rao E, et al. The short stature homeobox gene SHOX is involved in skeletal abnormalities in Turner syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9 (5): 695–702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Blaschke RJ, Rappold GA. SHOX: Growth, Leri-Weill and Turner Syndromes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000; 11 (6): 227–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ellison JW, Wardak Z, Young MF, Gehron RP, Laig-Webster M, Chiong. PHOG, a candidate gene for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 1997; 6 (8): 1341–1347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kajii T, Ferrier A, Niikawa N, et al. Anatomic and chromosomal anomalies in 639 spontaneous abortuses. Hum Genet 1980; 55: 87–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Simpson JL, Rajkovic A. Ovarian differentiation and gonadal failure. Am J Med Genet 1999; 89 (4): 186–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Haverkamp F, Wolfle J, Zerres K, et al. Growth retardation in Turner syndrome: aneuploidy, rather than specific gene loss, may explain growth failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84 (12): 4578–4582.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Tsezou A, Hadjiathanasiou C, Gourgiotis D, et al. Molecular genetics of Turner syndrome: correlation with clinical phenotype and response to growth hormone therapy. Clin Genet 1999; 56 (6): 441–446.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Skuse DH, James RS, Bishop DV, et al. Evidence from Turner’s syndrome of an imprinted X-linked locus affecting cognitive function. Nature 1997; 387: 705–708.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ross J, Zinn A, McCauley E. Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial aspects of Turner syndrome. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2000; 6 (2): 135–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Migeon BR, Luo S, Stasiowski BA, et al. Deficient transcription of XIST from tiny ring X chromosomes in females with severe phenotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:12, 025–12, 029.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Turner C, Dennis NR, Skuse DH, Jacobs PA. Seven ring (X) chromosomes lacking the XIST locus, six with an unexpectedly mild phenotype. Hum Genet 2000; 106 (1): 93–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Massa GG, Vanderschueren Lodeweyckx M. Age and height at diagnosis in Turner syndrome: influence of parental height. Pediatrics 1991; 88: 1148–1152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Savendahl L, Davenport ML. Delayed diagnoses of Turner’s syndrome: proposed guidelines for change. J Pediatr 2000; 137 (4): 455–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sybert VP. Cardiovascular malformations and complications in Turner Syndrome. Pediatrics 1998; 101 (1): e11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mazzanti L, Cacciari E. Congenital heart disease in patients with Turner’s syndrome. Italian Study Group for Turner Syndrome (ISGTS). J Pediatr 1998; 133 (5): 688–692.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bordeleau L, Cwinn A, Turek M, Barron-Klauninger K, Victor G. Aortic dissection and Turner’s syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Journal of Emergency Medicine 1998; 16 (4): 593–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Lin AE, Lippe B, Rosenfeld RG. Further delineation of aortic dilation, dissection, and rupture in patients with Turner Syndrome. Pediatrics 1998; 102 (1): e12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Elsheikh M, Casadei B, Conway GS, Wass JA. Hypertension is a major risk factor for aortic root dilatation in women wtih Turner’s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001; 54: 69–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Nathwani NC, Unwin R, Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC. The influence of renal and cardiovascular abnormalities on blood pressure in Turner syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000; 52 (3): 371–377.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sybert VP. Adult height in Turner syndrome with and without androgen therapy. J Pediatr 1984; 104: 365–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ranke MB, Pfluger H, Rosendahl W, et al. Turner syndrome: spontaneous growth in 150 cases and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 1983; 141 (2): 81–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Rochiccioli P, David M, Malpuech G, et al. Study of final height in Turner’s syndrome: ethnic and genetic influences. Acta Paediatrica 1994; 83 (3): 305–308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Even L, Cohen A, Marbach N, et al. Longitudinal analysis of growth over the first 3 years of life in Turner’s syndrome. J Pediatr 2000; 137 (4): 460–464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Davenport ML, Punyasavatsut N, Gunther D, Savendahl L, Stewart PW. Turner syndrome: a pattern of early growth failure. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1999; 88 (433): 118–121.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Karlberg J, Albertsson-Wikland K, Nilsson KO, Ritzen EM, Westphal O. Growth in infancy and childhood in girls with Turner’s syndrome. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991; 80 (12): 1158–1165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ranke MB, Stubbe P, Majewski F, Bierich JR. Spontaneous Growth in Turner’s Syndrome. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 1988; 343: 22–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mathisen B, Reilly S, Skuse D. Oral-motor dysfunction and feeding disorders of infants with Turner syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 1992; 34 (2): 141–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gravholt CH, Naeraa RW. Reference values for body proportions and body composition in adult women with Ullrich-Turner Syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1997; 72: 403–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Allen DB. Safety of human growth hormone therapy: current topics. J Pediatr 1996; 128 (5:Pt 2): Pt 2): S8–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Even L, Bronstein V, Hochberg Z. Bone maturation in girls with Turner’s Syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 1998; 138: 59–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gravholt CH, Juul S, Naeraa RW, Hansen J. Morbidity in Turner syndrome. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51 (2): 147–158.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Rubin K. Turner syndrome and osteoporosis: mechanisms and prognosis. Pediatrics 1998;102 2 Pt 3: 481–485.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hass AD, Simmons KE, Davenport ML, Proffit WR. The Effect of Growth Hormone on Craniofacial Growth and Dental Maturation in Turner Syndrome. Angle Orthod 2000; 70 (6): 43–52.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Rongen-Westerlaken C, Van Den Born E, Prahl-Andersen B, et al. Shape of the craniofacial complex in children with Turner syndrome. J Biol Buccale 1992; 20: 185–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Laine T, Alvesalo L, Savolainen A, Lammi S. Occlusal morphology in 45,X females. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1986; 6 (4): 351–355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Midtbo M, Halse A. Skeletal maturity, dental maturity, and eruption in young patients with Turner syndrome. Acta Odontol Scand 1992; 50: 303–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Townsend G, Jensen BL, Alvesalo L. Reduced tooth size in 45,X (Turner Syndrome) females. Am J PhysAnthrop 1984; 65: 367–371.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Sculerati N, Ledesma Medina J, Finegold DN, Stool SE. Otitis media and hearing loss in Turner syndrome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990; 116: 704–707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Stenberg AE, Nylen O, Windh M, Hultcrantz M. Otological problems in children with Turner’s syndrome. Hear Res 1998; 124 (1–2): 85–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Roush J, Davenport ML, Carlson-Smith C. Early-onset sensorineural hearing loss in a child with Turner syndrome. J Am Acad Audiol 2000; 11 (8): 446–453.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gungor N, Boke B, Belgin E, Tuncbilek E. High frequency hearing loss in Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 2000; 159 (10): 740–744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Chrousos GA, Ross JL, Chrousos GC, et al. Ocular findings in Turner Syndrome: A Prospective Study. Ophthalmology 1984; 91: 926–928.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lloyd IC, Haigh PM, Clayton-Smith J, et al. Anterior segment dysgenesis in mosaic Turner syndrome. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1997; 81 (8): 639–643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bilge I, Kayserili H, Emre S, et al. Frequency of renal malformations in Turner syndrome: analysis of 82 Turkish children. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 14 (12): 1111–1114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lippe B, Geffner ME, Dietrich RJ, Boechat MI, Kangarloo H. Renal malformations in patients with Turner syndrome: imaging in 141 patients. Pediatrics 1988; 82: 852–856.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Larizza D, Locatelli M, Vitali L, et al. Serum liver enzymes in Turner syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 2000; 159 (3): 143–148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Bonamico M, Bottaro G, Pasquino AM, et al. Celiac disease and Turner syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 26 (5): 496–499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Becker B, Jospe N, Goldsmith LA. Melanocytic nevi in Turner syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol 1994; 11 (2): 120–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hayward PA, Satsangi J, Jewell DP. Inflammatory bowel disease and the X chromosome.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Medeiros CC, Marini SH, Baptista MT, Guerra G Jr, Maciel-Guerra AT. Turner’s syndrome and thyroid disease: a transverse study of pediatric patients in Brazil. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2000; 13 (4): 357–362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Zulian F, Schumacher HR, Calore A, Goldsmith DP, Athreya BH. Juvenile arthritis in Turner’s syndrome: a multicenter study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1998; 16 (4): 489–494.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Blackett PR, Rundle AC, Frane J, Blethen SL. Body mass index (BMI) in Turner Syndrome before and during growth hormone (GH) therapy. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24 (2): 232–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Caprio S, Boulware S, Diamond M, et al. Insulin resistance: an early metabolic defect of Turner’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 832–836.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hojbjerg GC, Christian K, Weeke J, Sandahl CJ. Lp(a) and lipids in adult Turner’s syndrome: impact of treatment with 17beta-estradiol and norethisterone. Atherosclerosis 2000; 150 (1): 201–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Conte FA, Grumbach ME, Kaplan SL. A diphasic pattern of gonadotrophin secretion in patients with the syndrome of gonadal dysgenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974; 670–674.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Chrysis DC, Spiliotis BE, Stene M, Davenport ML. Ultrasensitive assay for gonadotropins: potential use in the dignosis of Turner syndrome. 80th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society 1998; 169.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Pasquino AM, Passeri F, Pucarelli I, Segni M, Municchi G. Spontaneous pubertal development in Turner’s syndrome. Italian Study Group for Turner’s Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82 (6): 1810–1813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Crosignani PG, Rubin BL. Optimal use of infertility diagnostic tests and treatments. The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Hum Reprod 2000; 15 (3): 723–732.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tarani L, Lampariello S, Raguso G, et al. Pregnancy in patients with Turner’s syndrome: six new cases and review of literature. Gynecological Endocrinology 1998; 12 (2): 83–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Gravholt CH, Fedder J, Naeraa RW, Muller J. Occurrence of gonadoblastoma in females with Turner syndrome and Y chromosome material: a population study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85 (9): 3199–3202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Rovet JF. The cognitive and neuropsychological characteristics of females with Turner Syndrome. In: Berch DB, Berger BG, editors. Sex Chromosome Abnormalities and Human Behavior. Boulder, CO: Western Press, 1990: 38–77.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Rovet JF. The psychoeducational characteristics of children with Turner syndrome. J Learn Disabil 1993; 26: 333–341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Mazzocco MM. A process approach to describing mathematics difficulties in girls with Turner syndrome. Pediatrics 1998; 102 (2 Pt 3): 492–496.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. El Abd S, Patton MA, Turk J, Hoey H, Howlin P. Social, communicational, and behavioral deficits associated with ring X turner syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1999; 88 (5): 510–516.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Donnelly SL, Wolpert CM, Menold MM, et al. Female with autistic disorder and monosomy X (Turner syndrome): parent-of-origin effect of the X chromosome. Am J Med Genet 2000; 96 (3): 312–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Blatt J, Olshan AF, Lee PA, Ross JL. Neuroblastoma and related tumors in Turner’s syndrome. J Pediatr 1997; 131 (5): 666–670.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Gicquel C, Gaston V, Cabrol S, Le Bouc Y. Assessment of Turner’s syndrome by molecular analysis of the X chromosome in growth-retarded girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83 (5): 1472–1476.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Abulhasan SJ, Tayel SM, al Awadi SA. Mosaic Turner syndrome: cytogenetics versus FISH. Ann Hum Genet 1999; 63 (Pt 3): 199–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. American Academy of Pediatrics. Health Supervision for Children With Turner Syndrome. Pediatrics 1995; 96 (6): 1166–1173.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Rosenfeld RG, Tesch L, Rodreiguez-Rigau LJ, McCauley E, Albertsson-Wikland K, Asch R. Recommendations for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management of Individuals with Turner Syndrome. The Endocrinologist 1994; 4 (5): 351–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Lerner R. What’s New in Lymphedema Therapy in America? Int J Angiol 1998; 7 (3): 191–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema. Consensus document of the International Society of Lymphology Executive Committee. Lymphology 1995; 28 (3): 113–117.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Thomson SJ, Tanner NS, Mercer DM. Web neck deformity; anatomical considerations and options in surgical management. Br J Plast Surg 1990; 43 (1): 94–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Lyon AJ, Preece MA, Grant DB. Growth curve for girls with Turner syndrome. Arch Dis Child 1985; 60 (10): 932–935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Saenger P. Growth-promoting strategies in Turner’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84 (12): 4345–4348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Plotnick L, Attie KM, Blethen SL, Sy JP. Growth hormone treatment of girls with Turner syndrome: the National Cooperative Growth Study experience. Pediatrics 1998;102 2 Pt 3: 479–481.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Carel JC, Mathivon L, Gendrel C, Chaussain JL. Growth hormone therapy for Turner syndrome: evidence for benefit. Horm Res 1997; 48 (Suppl 5): 31–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Donaldson MD. Growth hormone therapy in Turner syndrome—current uncertainties and future strategies. Horm Res 1997; 48 (Suppl 5): 35–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Haeusler G, Schmitt K, Blumel P, Plochl E, Waldhor T, Frisch H. Growth hormone in combination with anabolic steroids in patients with Turner syndrome: effect on bone maturation and final height. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85 (12): 1408–1414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Rosenfeld RG, Attie KM, Frane J, et al. Growth hormone therapy of Turner’s syndrome: beneficial effect on adult height. J Pediatr 1998; 132 (2): 319–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Sas TC, de Muinck K, Stijnen T, et al. Normalization of height in girls with Turner syndrome after long-term growth hormone treatment: results of a randomized dose-response trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84 (12): 4607–4612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Chernausek SD, Attie KM, Cara JF, Rosenfeld RG, Frane J. Growth hormone therapy of Turner syndrome: the impact of age of estrogen replacement on final height. Genentech, Inc., Collaborative Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85 (7): 2439–2445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Sas TC, de Muinck K, Stijnen T, et al. Final height in girls with Turner’s syndrome treated with once or twice daily growth hormone injections. Dutch Advisory Group on Growth Hormone. Arch Dis Child 1999; 80 (1): 36–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Carel JC, Mathivon L, Gendrel C, Ducret JP, Chaussain JL. Near normalization of final height with adapted doses of growth hormone in Turner’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83 (5): 1462–1466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ranke MB, Lindberg A, Chatelain P, et al. Predicting the response to recombinant human growth hormone in Turner syndrome: KIGS models. KIGS International Board. Kabi International Growth Study. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1999; 88 (433): 122–125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Sas TC, Gerver WJ, de Bruin R, et al. Body proportions during long-term growth hormone treatment in girls with Turner syndrome participating in a randomized dose-response trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84 (12): 4622–4628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Sato N, Nimura A, Horikawa R, Katumata N, Tanae A, Tanaka T. Bone mineral density in Turner syndrome: relation to GH treatment and estrogen treatment. Endocr J 2000;47(Suppl):S 115–S 119.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Rongen-Westerlaken C, Van Den Born E, Prahl-Andersen B, et al. Effect of growth hormone treatment on craniofacial growth in Turner’s syndrome. Acta Paediatr 1993; 82 (4): 364–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Ross JL, Feuillan P, Kushner H, Roeltgen D, Cutler GB Jr. Absence of growth hormone effects on cognitive function in girls with Turner syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82 (6): 1814–1817.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Huisman J, Slijper FM, Sinnema G, et al. Psychosocial effects of two years of human growth hormone treatment in Turner syndrome. The Dutch Working Group: Psychologists and Growth Hormone. Horm Res 1993;39 Suppl 2: 56–59.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Siegel PT, Clopper R, Stabler B. The psychological consequences of Turner syndrome and review of the National Cooperative Growth Study psychological substudy. Pediatrics 1998;102 2 Pt 3: 488–491.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Rovet J, Holland J. Psychological aspects of the Canadian randomized controlled trial of human growth hormone and low-dose ethinyl oestradiol in children with Turner syndrome. The Canadian Growth Hormone Advisory Group. Horm Res 1993; 39 (Suppl 2): 60–64.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Joss EE, Zurbrugg RP, Tonz O, Mullis PE. Effect of growth hormone and oxandrolone treatment on glucose metabolism in Turner syndrome. A longitudinal study. Horm Res 2000; 53 (1): 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Saenger P. Metabolic Consequences of Growth Hormone Treatment in Paediatric Practice. Horm Res 2000;53(Suppl)S1:60–69.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Sas TC, Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Stijnen T, Aanstoot HJ, Drop SL. Carbohydrate metabolism during long-term growth hormone (GH) treatment and after discontinuation of GH treatment in girls with Turner syndrome participating in a randomized dose-response study. Dutch Advisory Group on Growth Hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85 (2): 769–775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Rosenfeld RG, Hintz RL, Johanson AJ, et al. Three-year results of a randomized prospective trial of methionyl human growth hormone and oxandrolone in Turner syndrome. J Pediatr 1988; 113 (2): 393–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Cavallo L, Gurrado R. Endogenous growth hormone secretion does not correlate with growth in patients with Turner’s syndrome. Italian Study Group for Turner Syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1999; 12 (5 Suppl 2): 623–627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Saenger P. Growth-promoting strategies in Turner’s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84 (12): 4345–4348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Stool SE, Berg AO, Berman S,. Quick Reference Guide for Clinicans, Managing Otitis Media with Effusion in Young Children, Quick Reference Guide for Clinicans. AHCPR Publication No 94–0623 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Rosenfield RL, Perovic N, Devine N. Optimizing estrogen replacement in adolescents with Turner syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 900: 213–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Damiani D, Guedes DR, Fellous M, et al. Ullrich-Turner syndrome: relevance of searching for Y chromosome fragments. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1999; 12 (6): 827–831.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Foudila T, Soderstrom-Anttila V, Hovatta O. Turner’s syndrome and pregnancies after oocyte donation. Hum Reprod 1999; 14 (2): 532–535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Boman UW, Moller A, Albertsson-Wikland K. Psychological aspects of Turner syndrome. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 19 (1): 1–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Marsha L. Davenport MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ron G. Rosenfeld MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

    Sally Radovick MD

  2. Division of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA

    Margaret H. MacGillivray MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Davenport, M.L., Rosenfeld, R.G. (2003). Turner Syndrome. In: Radovick, S., MacGillivray, M.H. (eds) Pediatric Endocrinology. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-336-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-336-1_7

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-268-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-336-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation