Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recent Developments in Epidemiology and Management of Invasive Fungal Infections

  • Chapter
Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Oncology ((CCO))

Abstract

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Depending on the institution and the transplantation protocol, the overall frequency of IFIs in this setting ranges from 10–25%, and crude mortality exceeds 70% and is close to 100% in patients with disseminated disease or persistent deficiencies in host defenses (1, 2). Coinciding with the rapid evolution of HSCT and supportive care, the epidemiology of IFIs continues to evolve and considerable progress has been made in the development of novel therapeutics and strategies for antifungal prevention and treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Denning DW, Stevens DA. Antifungal and surgical treatment of invasive aspergillosis: review of 2,121 published cases. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 1147 201.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Goodrich JM, Reed EC, Mori M, et al. Clinical features and analysis of risk factors for invasive Candidal infection after marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 1991; 164: 731–740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bowden RA. Fungal infections afterhematopoietic cell transplantation. In: Bowden R, Ljungman P, Paya CV (eds). Transplant Infections. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, 1998, pp. 550–559.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Anaissie E. Recent progress and current problems in treatment of invasive fungal infections in neutropenic patients. Infect Dis Clin N Am 1996; 10: 365–400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Meyers JD. Fungal infections in bone marrow transplant patients. Sem Oncol 1990; 17 (Supp1.6): S 10–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Baddley JW, Stroud T, Salsman D, Pappas PG. Invasive mould infections in bone marrow transplant recipients: etiology, risk factors, and outcome. In: Abstracts of the 39th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 960, p. 557.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Marr KA, Seidel K, White TC, Bowden RA. Candidemia in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients: evolution of risk factors after the adoption of prophylactic fluconazole. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 309–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Wald A, Leichsenring W, van Bunk JA, Bowden RA. Epidemiology of Asper-gillus infections in a large cohort of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 1459–1466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wingard JR. Fungal infections after bone marrow transplant. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1999; 5: 55–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Denning DW, Follansbee SE, Scolaro M, et al. Pulmonary aspergillosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 654–662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Groll AH, Shah PM, Mentzel C, et al. Trends in the postmortem epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at a university hospital. J Infect 1996; 33: 23–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cenci E, Mencacci A, Fe d’ Ostiani C, et al. Cytokine-and T-helper-dependent immunity in murine aspergillosis. Res Immunol 1998; 149: 445–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Romani L. Innate and adaptive immunity in Candida albicans infections and saprophytism. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 68: 175–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Stevens DA, Walsh TJ, Bistoni F, et al. Cytokines and mycoses. Med Mycol 1998; 36 (Suppl 1): 174–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Roilides E, Sein T, Schaufele R, et al. Increased serum concentrations of interleukin-10 in patients with hepatosplenic candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 589–592.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Roilides E, Sein T, Roden M, Set al. Elevated serum concentrations of interleukin-10 in nonneutropenic patients with invasive aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 2001; 183: 518–520.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Goodman JL Winston DJ, Greenfield RA, et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 845–851.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Slavin MA, Osborne B, Adams R, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after marrow transplantation a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1545–1552.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Burik JH, Leisenring W, Myerson D, et al. The effect of prophylactic fluconazole on the clinical spectrum of fungal diseases in bone marrow transplant recipients with special attention to hepatic candidiasis. An autopsy study of 355 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1998; 77: 246–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Jantunen E, Ruutu P, Niskanen L, et al. Incidence and risk factors for invasive fungal infections in allogeneic BMT recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 19: 801–808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Viscoli C, Girmenia C, Marinus A, et al. Candidemia in cancer patients: a prospective, multicenter surveillance study by the Invasive Fungal Infection Group (IFIG) of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 1071–1079.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Groll AH, Walsh TJ. Uncommon opportunistic fungi: new nosocomial threats. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001;7(Supp12):8–24. Review.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bjerke JW, Meyers JD, Bowden RA. Hepatosplenic candidiasis a contraindication to marrow transplanta- tion? Blood 1994; 84: 2811–2814.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Offner F, Cordonnier C, Ljungman P, et al. Impact of previous aspergillosis on the outcome of bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1098–1103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Walsh TJ, Catchatourian R, Cohen H. Disseminated histoplasmosis complicating bone marrow transplantation. Am J Clin Pathol 1983; 79: 509–511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Riley DK, Galgiani JN, O’Donnell MR, et al. Coccidioidomycosis in bone marrow transplant recipients. Transplantation 1993; 56: 1531–1533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Serody JS, Mill MR, Detterbeck FC, et al. Blastomycosis in transplant recipients: report of a case and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 54–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ribaud P, Chastang C, Latge JP, et al. Survival and prognostic factors of invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 322–330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pannuti C, Gingrich R, Pfaller MA, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients having bone marrow transplant. Attributable mortality and risk factors. Cancer 1992: 69: 2653 2662.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Sutton DA, Sanche SE, Revankar SG, et al. In vitro amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of Aspergillus terreus, with a head-to-head comparison to voriconazole. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2343–2345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Iwen PC, Rupp ME, Langnas AN, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus terreus: 12-year experienc and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1092–1097.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Walsh TJ, Groll AH. Emerging fungal pathogens: evolving challenges to immunocompromised patients for the twenty-first century. Transplant Infect Dis 1999; 1: 247–261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Perfect JR, Schell WA. The new fungal opportunists are coming. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22 (Suppl 2): S112–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Vartivarian SE, Anaissie EJ, Bodey GP. Emerging fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients: classification, diagnosis, and management. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (Suppl 2): 5487–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Walsh TJ, Melcher GP, Rinaldi MG, et al. Trichosporon beigelii, an emerging pathogen resistant to amphotericin B. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1616–1622.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Anaissie E, Gokoslan A, Hachem R, Rubin R. Azole therapy for trichosporonosis: clinical evaluation of eight patients, experimental therapy for murine infection, and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 781–787.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Aguilar C, Pujol I, Sala J, Guarro J. Antifungal susceptibilities of Paecilomyces species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1601–1604.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chan-Tack KM, Thio CL, Miller NS, et al. Paecilomyces lilacinus fungemia in an adult bone marrow transplant recipient. Med Mycol 1999; 37: 57–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Reuben A, Anaissie E, Nelson PE, et al. Antifungal susceptibility of 44 clinical isolates of Fusarium species determined by using a broth microdilution method. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 1647–1649.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Boutati EI, Anaissie EJ. Fusarium, a significant emerging pathogen in patients with hematologic malignancy: ten years’ experience at a cancer center and implications for management. Blood 1997; 90: 999–1008.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Travis LB, Roberts GD, Wilson WR. Clinical significance of Pseudallescheria boydii: a review of 10 years’ experience. Mayo Clinic Proc 1985; 60: 531–537.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Walsh TJ, Peter J, McGough DA, et al. Activities of amphotericin B and antifungal azoles alone and in combination against Pseudallescheria boydii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1361–1364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Berenguer J, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, et al. Deep infections caused by Scedosporium prolificans. A report on 16 cases in Spain and a review of the literature. Scedosporium Prolificans Spanish Study Group. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76: 256–265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Maertens J, Lagrou K, Deweerdt H, et al. Disseminated infection by Scedosporium prolificans: an emerging fatality among haematology patients. Case report and review. Ann Hematol 2000; 79: 340–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Groll AH, Just-Nuebling G, Kurz M, et al. Fluconazole versus nystatin in the prevention of Candida infections in children and adolescents undergoing remission induction or consolidation chemotherapy for cancer. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 855–862.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Marr KA, Seidel K, Slavin MA, et al. Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 2000; 96: 2055–2061.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hansen JA, Gooley TA, Martin PJ, et al. Bone marrow transplants from unrelated donors for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 962–968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Anaissie E. Opportunistic mycoses in the immunocompromised host: Experience at a cancer center and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14 (Suppl 1): 543–53.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Wingard JR. Importance of Candida species other than C. albicans as pathogens in oncology patients. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:115–125.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Nguyen MH, Peacock JE, Jr, Morris AJ, et al. The changing face of candidemia: emergence of non-Candida albicans species and antifungal resistance. Am J Med 1996;100: 617–623.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Abi-Said D, Anaissie E, Uzun O, et al. The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:1122–1128.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, Jet al. Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1274–1277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Wingard JR, Merz WG, Rinaldi MG, et al. Association ofTorulopsis glabrata infections with fluconazoleprophylaxis in neutropenic bone marrow transplant patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 1847–1849.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Jarque I, Saavedra S, Martin G, et al. Delay of onset of candidemia and emergence of Candida krusei fungemia in hematologic patients receiving prophylactic fluconazole. Haematologica 2000;85:441–443.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Groll AH, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ. Clinical pharmacology of systemic antifungal agents: a comprehensive review of agents in clinical use, current investigational compounds, and putative targets for antifungal drug development. Adv Pharmacol 1998; 44: 343–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ascioglu S, de Pauw B, Bennet JE, et al. Analysis of definitions used in clinical research on invasive fungal infections: consensus proposal for new, standardized definitions. In Abstracts of the 39th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1999, abstract 1639, p. 573.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Walsh TJ, Roden M, Roilides E, et al. Concepts in design of comparative clinical trials of antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 16: 151–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Rex JR, Walsh TJ, Nettleman M, et al. Need for alternative trial designs and evaluation strategies for therapeutic studies of invasive mycoses. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 35: 95–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. NCCLS. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; approved standard. NCCLS document M27A. NCCLS, Wayne, PA, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  60. NCCLS. Proposed reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. NCCLS document M28-P. NCCLS, Wayne, PA, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Rex JH, Pfaller MA, Galgiani JN, et al. Development of interpretive breakpoints for antifungal susceptibility testing: conceptual framework and analysis of in vitro-in vivo correlation data for fluconazole, itraconazole, and Candida infections. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 235–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Wingard JR, Kubilis P, Lee L, et al. Clinical significance of nephrotoxicity in patients treated with amphotericin B for suspected or proven aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:1402–1407.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Ringden O, Meunier F, TollemarJ, et al. Efficacy of amphotericin B encapsulated in liposomes (AmBisome) in the treatment of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 28 (Suppl B): 73–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Anaissie EJ, White M, Uzun O, et al. Amphotencin B lipid complex (ABLC) versus amphotericin B (AMB) for treatment of hematogenous and invasive candidiasis: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. In: Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on AntimicrobialAgents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1995, abstract LM 21, p. 330.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Oppenheim BA, Herbrecht R, Kusne S. The safety and efficacy of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in the treatment of invasive mycoses. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1145–1153.

    Google Scholar 

  66. White MH, Anaissie EJ, Kusne S, et al. Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion vs. amphotericin B as therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1997;24:635–642.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Wingard JR. Efficacy of amphotericin B lipid complex injection (ABLC) in bone marrow transplant recipients with life-threatening systemic mycoses. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 19: 343–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Noskin GA, Pietrelli L, Coffey G, et al. Amphotericin B colloidal dispersion for treatment of candidemia in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:461–467.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Walsh TJ, Hiemenz JW, Seibel NL, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1383–1396.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Noskin G, Pietrelli L, Gurwith M, et al. Treatment of invasive fungal infections with amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 23 697–703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hiemenz JW, Walsh TJ. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: recent progress and future directions. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22(Suppl 2): S133–S144.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Groll AH, Mueller FMC, Piscitelli SC, et al. Lipid formulations of Amphotericin B: clinical perspectives for the management of invasive fungal infections in children with cancer. Klin Padiatr 1998; 210: 264–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wong-Beringer A, Jacobs RA, Guglielmo BJ. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: clinical efficacy and toxicities. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:603–618.

    Google Scholar 

  74. White MH, Bowden RA, Sandler ES, et al. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion vs. amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of fever and neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 296–302.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Walsh TJ, Finberg RW, Arndt C, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 764–771.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Wingard JR, White MH, AnaissieE, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparative trial evaluating the safety of liposomal amphotericin B versus amphotericin B lipid complex in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia. L Amph/ABLC Collaborative Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 1155–1163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Groll AH, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ. Antifungal pharmacodynamics. Concentration-effect relationships in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21: 1335–148S.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Leenders AC, Daenen S, Jansen RL, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate in the treatment of documented and suspected neutropenia-associated invasive fungal infections. Br J Haematol 1998; 103: 205 212.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Walsh TJ, Aoki S, Mechinaud F, et al. Effects of preventive, early, and late antifungal chemotherapy with fluconazole in different granulocytopenic models of experimental disseminated candidiasis. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 755 760.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Anaissie EJ, Darouiche RO, Abi-Said D, et al. Management of invasive candidal infections: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study of fluconazole versus amphotericin B and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 964–972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Anaissie EJ, Vartivarian SE, Abi-Said D, et al. Fluconazole versus amphotericin B in the treatment of hematogenous candidiasis: a matched cohort study. Am J Med 1996; 101: 170–176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Groll AH Walsh TJ. Potential new antifungal agents. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1997; 10: 449–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Chiou CC, Groll AH, Walsh TJ. New drugs and novel targets for treatment of invasive fungal infections in patients with cancer. Oncologist 2000; 5: 120–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Barone JA, Moskovitz BL, Guarneri J, et al. Enhanced bioavailability of itraconazole in hydroxypropyl-betacyclodextrin solution versus capsules in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1862–1865.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Denning DW, Lee JY, Hostetler JS, et al. NIAID Mycoses Study Group multicenter trial of oral itraconazole therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Am J Med 1994; 97: 135–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Stevens DA, Lee JY. Analysis of compassionate use itraconazole therapy for invasive aspergillosis by the NIAID Mycoses Study Group criteria. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1857–1862.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Caillot D, Bassaris H, Seifert WF, et al. Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous followed by oral itraconazole in patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. In Abstracts of the 39th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1999, abstract 1646, p. 575.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Maertens J, Raad I, Sable CA, et al. Multicenter, noncomparative study to evaluate safety and efficacy of caspofungin in adults with invasive aspergillosis refractory or intolerant to amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid formulations, or azoles. In Abstracts of the 40th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 1103, p. 371.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, et al. Open, randomized comparison of voriconazole (VRC) and amphotericin B (AmB) followed by other licensed antifungal therapy (OLAT) for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis (IA). In Abstracts of the 41 th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2001, abstract J-680, p. 378.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Menichetti F, Del Favero A, Martino P, et al. Itraconazole oral solution as prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. GIMEMA Infection Program. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell’ Adulto. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 250–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gubbins PO, Bowman JL, Penzak SR. Antifungal prophylaxis to prevent invasive mycoses among bone marrow transplantation recipients. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18: 549–564.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Uzun O, Anaissie EJ. Antifungal prophylaxis in patients with hematologic malignancies: a reappraisal. Blood 1995; 86: 2063 2072.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Lortholary O, Dupont B. Antifungal prophylaxis during neutropenia and immunodeficiency. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997; 10: 477–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Crippa F, Corey L, Leichsenring Q, et al. Administration of itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in stem cell transplant recipients: levels and drug interactions. In Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 850, p. 25.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Pizzo PA, Robichaud KJ, Gill FA, et al. Empiric antibiotic and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia. Am J Med 1982; 72: 101–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. EORTC. Empiric antifungal therapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients. EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group. Am J Med 1989; 86: 668–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Comely OA, Hiddemann W, Link H, et al. Interventional antimicrobial therapy in febrile neutropenic patients: Paul Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy (PEG) Study II. Ann Hematol 1997; 74 (Suppl 1): A51

    Google Scholar 

  98. Prentice HG, Hann IM, Herbrecht R, et al. A randomized comparison of liposomal versus conventional amphotericin B for treatment of pyrexia of unknown origin in neutropenic patients. Br J Haematol 1997; 98: 711–718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Boogaerts M, Winston DJ, Bow EJ, et al. Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous amphotericin B as empirical antifungal therapy for persistent fever in neutropenic patients with cancer who are receiving broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 412–422.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Winston DJ, HathornJW, Schuster MG, et al. A multicentre, randomized trial of fluconazole vs. amphotericin B for empiric antifungal therapy of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer. Am J Med 2000; 108: 282–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Walsh TJ, Pappas P, Winston D, et al. Voriconazole versus liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy of persistently febrile neutropenic patients: a randomized, international multicenter trial. In Abstract Addendum of the 40th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract L-1, p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000; 49 (RR-10): 1–95.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Walsh TJ, Whitcomb PO, Revankar SG, et al. Successful treatment of hepatosplenic candidiasis through repeated cycles of chemotherapy and neutropenia. Cancer 1995; 76: 2357–2362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Walsh TJ, Whitcomb P, Piscitelli S, et al. Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in children with hepatosplenic candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1944–1948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Martino R, Lopez R, Sureda A, et al. Risk of reactivation of a recent invasive fungal infection in patients with hematological malignancies undergoing further intensive chemo-radiotherapy. A single-center experience and review of the literature. Haematologica 1997; 82: 297–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Berenguer J, Buck M, Witebsky F, et al. Lysis-centrifugation blood cultures in the detection of tissue-proven invasive candidiasis. Disseminated versus single-organ infection. DiagMicrobiollnfectDis 1993; 17: 103–109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Pastakia B, Shawker TH, Thaler M, et al. Hepatosplenic candidiasis: wheels within wheels. Radiology 1988; 166: 417–421.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Semelka RC, Shoenut JP, Greenberg HM, et al. Detection of acute and treated lesions of hepatosplenic candidiasis: comparison of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 1992; 2: 341–345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Wheeler JH, Fishman EK. Computed tomography in the management of chest infections: current status. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 232–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Sallah S, Semelka R, Kelekis N, et al. Diagnosis and monitoring response to treatment of hepatosplenic candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia using magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Haematol 1998; 100: 77–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Walsh TJ, Chanock SJ. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: advances in nonculture systems. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1998; 18: 101–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Savage DG, Taylor P, Blackwell J, et al. Paranasal sinusitis following allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997; 19: 55–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kuhlman JE, Fishman EK, Burch PA, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in acute leukemia: the contribution of CT to early diagnosis and aggressive management. Chest 1987; 92: 95–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. von Eiff M, Zuehlsdorf M, Roos N, et al. Pulmonary fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies -diagnostic approaches. Ann Hematol 1995; 70: 135–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Caillot D, Casasnovas O, Bernard A, et al. Improved management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomography scan and surgery. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:139–147.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Caillot D, Couaillier JF, Bernard A, et al. Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neutropenia. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 253–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Einsele H, Hebart H, Roller G, et al. Detection and identification of fungal pathogens in blood by using molecular probes. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1353–1360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Maertens J, Verhaegen J, Demuynck H, et al. Autopsy-controlled prospective evaluation of serial screening for circulating galactomannan by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hematological patients at risk for invasive Aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 3223–3228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Hebart H, Loffler J, Meisner C, et al. Early detection of Aspergillus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by polymerase chain reaction screening. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 1713–1719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Maertens J, Verhaegen J, Lagrou K, et al. Screening for circulating galactomannan as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for invasive aspergillosis in prolonged neutropenic patients and stem cell transplantation recipients: a prospective validation. Blood 2001; 97: 1604–1610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Bodey GP, Vartivarian S. Aspergillosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 8: 413–437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Denning DW. Invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 781–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Shamberger RC, Weinstein HJ, Grier HE, et al. The surgical management of fungal pulmonary infections in children with acute myelogenous leukemia. J Pediatr Surg 1985; 20: 840–844.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Lupinetti FM, Behrendt DM, Giller RH, et al. Pulmonary resection for fungal infection in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Thorax Surg 1992; 104: 684–687.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Wong K, Waters CM, Walesby RK. Surgical management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1992; 6: 138–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Young VC, Maghur HA, Luke DA, et al. Operation for cavitating invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 53: 621–624.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Yeghen T, Kibbler CC, Prentice HG, et al. Management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematology patients: a review of 87 consecutive cases at a single institution. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 859–868.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Panos RJ, Barr LF, Walsh TJ, et al. Factors associated with fatal hemoptysis in cancer patients. Chest 1988; 94: 1008–1013.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Pagano L, Ricci P, Nosari A, et al. Fatal haemoptysis in pulmonary filamentous mycosis: an underevaluated cause of death in patients with acute leukaemia in haematological complete remission. A retrospective study and review of the literature. Gimema Infection Program (Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell’ Adulto) Br J Haematol 1995; 89: 500–505.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Albelda SM, Talbot GH, Gerson SL, et al. Pulmonary cavitation and massive hemoptysis in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Influence of bone marrow recovery in patients with acute leukemia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 115–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Hoffman HL, Ernst ET, Klepser ME. Novel triazole antifungal agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9: 593–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Denning D, de Favero A, Gluckman E, et al. UK-109,496, a Novel, wide-spectrum triazole derivative for the treatment of fungal infections: clinical efficacy in invasive aspergillosis. In: Program and Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1995, abstract F80, p. 126.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Dupont B, Denning D, Lode H, et al. UK-109,496, a Novel, wide-spectrum `triazole derivative for the treatment of fungal infections: clinical efficacy in chronic invasive aspergillosis. In: Program and Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1995, abstract F81, p. 126.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Hegener P,Troke PF,Fakenheuer G,etal.TreatmentofFluconazole-ResistantCandidiasiswithVoriconazole in Patients with AIDS. AIDS 1998; 12: 2227, 2228.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Dupont B, Ally R, Burke J, et al. A double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial of voriconazole vs. fluconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised adults. In: Abstracts of the 40th Inte rscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 706, p. 365.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Walsh TJ, Gharamani P, Hodges MR, et al. Efficacy and safety of voriconazole in the treatment of invasive fungal infections in children. In: Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 1100, p. 372.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Vazquez JA, Northland R, Miller S, et al. Posaconazole compared to fluconazole for oral candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. In: Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 1107, p. 370.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Hachem RY, Raad II, Afif CM, et al. An open, non-comparative multicenter study to evaluate efficacy and safety of posaconazole (SCH 56592) in the treatment of invasive fungal infections refractory to or intolerant to standard therapy. In: Abstracts of the 40th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 1109, p. 372.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Nieto L, Northland R, Pittisuttithum P, et al. Posaconazole equivalent to fluconazole in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. In: Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 1108, p. 372.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Beale M, Queiroz-Telles F, Banhegyi D, et al. Randomized, double-blind study of the safety and antifungal efficacy of ravuconazole relative to fluconazole in esophageal candidiasis. In: Abstracts of the 41 th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2001, abstract J-1621, p. 392.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Munoz P, Marin M, Tornero P, et al. Successful Outcome of scedosporium apiospermum disseminated infection treated with voriconazole in a patient receiving corticosteroid therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 1499–1501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Nesky MA, McDougal EC, Peacock JE, Jr. Pseudallescheria boydii brain abscess successfully treated with voriconazole and surgical drainage: case report and literature review of central nervous system pseudallescheriasis. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 673–677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Reis A, Sundmacher R, Tintelnot K, et al. Successful treatment of ocular invasive mould infection (fusariosis) with the new antifungal agent voriconazole. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 932, 933.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Hilmarsdottir I, Thorsteins son SB, Asmunds son P, et al. Cutaneous infection caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus in a renal transplant patient: treatment with voriconazole. Scand J Infect Dis 2000; 32: 331, 332.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Hector, RF. Compounds active against cell walls of medically important fungi. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6: 1 21.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Debono M, Gordee RS. Antibiotics that inhibit fungal cell wall development. Ann Rev Microbiol1994; 48: 471–497.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Denning DW. Echinocandins and pneumocandins-a new antifungal class with a novel mode of action. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 611–614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Kurtz MB, Douglas CM. Lipopeptide inhibitors of fungal glucan synthase. JMed Vet Mycol 1997; 35: 79–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Groll AH, Walsh TJ. MK-0991. Curr OpinAnti-Infectinvest Drugs 1999; 1: 334–345.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Groll AH, Walsh TJ. FK-463. Curr Opin Anti-Infect Invest Drugs 2000; 2: 405–412.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Hawser S. LY-303366. Curr Opin Anti-Infect Invest Drugs 1999; 1: 353–360.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Sable CA, Villanueva, Arathon E, et al. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial of MK-0991 (L743,872) vs amphotericin B (AmB) in the treatment of Candida esophagitis in adults. In Abstracts of the 37 th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1997:

    Google Scholar 

  153. Brown GL, White RJ, Turik M. Phase II, randomized, open label study of two intravenous dosing regimens of V-echinocandin in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. In: Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 1106, p. 371.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Pettengell K, Mynhardt J, Kluyts T, et al. A multicenter study of the echinocandin antifungal FK463 for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in HIV positive patients. In: Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 1104, p. 371.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Kohno S, Masaoka T, Yamaguchi H. A multicentre, open-label clinical study of FK463 in patients with deep mycoses in Japan. In: Abstracts of the 41 th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2001, abstract J-834, p. 384.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Kontoyiannis DP, Buell D, Frisbee-Hume S, et al. Initial experience with FK463 for the treatment of candidemia in cancer patients. In: Abstracts of the 41 thInterscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2001,abstract J-1629, p. 394.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Groll AH, Gonzalez CE, Giri N, et al. Liposomal nystatin against experimental pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently neutropenic rabbits: efficacy, safety and non-compartmental pharmacokinetics. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 95–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Groll AH, Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, et al. Antifungal efficacy and safety of multilamellar liposomal nystatin against disseminated candidiasis in persistently neutropenic rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 2463 2467.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Cos sum PA, Wyse J, Simmons Y, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Nyotran (liposomal nystatin) inhuman patients. In: Program and Abstracts of the 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1996, abstract A88, p. 17.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Groll AH, Mickiene D, Werner K, et al. Compartmental pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of multilamellar liposomal nystatin in rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 950–957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Boutati E, Maltezou HC, Lopez-Berestein G, et al. Phase I study of maximum tolerated dose of intravenous liposomal nystatin for the treatment of refractory febrile neutropenia in patients with haematological malignancies. In: Program and Abstracts of the 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1995, abstract LM 22, p. 330.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Offner FCJ, Herbrecht R, Engelhard D, et al. EORTC-IFCG phase II study on liposomal nystatin in patients with invasive aspergillosis refractory or intolerant to conventional/lipid amphotericin B. In: Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 2000, abstract 1102, p. 372.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Rolston K, Baird I, Graham DR, et al. Treatment of refractory candidemia in non-neutropenic patients with liposomal nystatin (NyotranTM). In: Program and Abstracts of the 38h Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1998, abstract LB-1, p. 24.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Roilides E, Dignani MC, Anaissie EJ, et al. The role of immunoreconstitution in the management of refractory opportunistic fungal infections. Med Mycol 1998; 36 (Suppl 1): 12–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Berenguer J, Allende MC, Lee JW,et al. Pathogenesis of pulmonary aspergillosis. Granulocytopenia versus cyclosporine and methylprednisolone-induced immunosuppression. Am JRespirCrit Care Med 1995; 152: 1079–1086.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Romani L, Mencacci A, Grohmann U, et al. Neutralizing antibody to interleukin-4 induces systemic protection and T helper type I-associated immunity in murine candidiasis. J Exp Med 1992; 176: 19–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Romani L, Pucetti P, Mencacci A, et al. Neutralization of IL-10 up-regulates nitric-oxide production and protects susceptible mice from challenge with Candida albicans. J Immunol 1994; 152: 3514–3521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Puccetti P, Mencacci A, Cenci E, et al. Cure of murine candidiasis by recombinant soluble interleukin-4 receptor. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 1325–1331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Tonnetti L, Spaccapelo R, Cenci R, et al. Interleukin 4 and 10 exacerbate candidiasis in mice. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25: 1559–1565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Cenci E, Perito S, Enssle KH, et al. Thl and Th2 cytokines in mice with invasive aspergillosis. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 564–570.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Cenci E, Mencacci A, Fed’ Ostiani C, et al. Cytokine-and T helper-dependent lung mucosal immunity in mice with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 1750–1760.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Chanock S, Gorlin B. Granulocyte transfusions. Time fora second look. Infect Dis Clin NAm 1996; 10: 327 343.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Dignani MC, Anaissie E, Hester JP, et al. Treatment of neutropenia-related fungal infections with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-elicited white blood cell transfusions: a pilot study. Leukemia 1997; 11: 1621–1630.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Akashi K, Traver D, Miyamoto T, et al. A clonogenic common myeloid progenitor that gives rise to all myeloid lineages. Nature 2000; 404: 193–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. BitMansur AA, Weissman LL, Brown 7M. Non-myelocytic immune response to invasive aspergillosis following lethal irradiation and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000; 6: 132.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Cenci E, Mencacci A, Bacci A, et al. T cell vaccination in mice with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Immunol 2000; 165: 381–388.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Childs R, Chernoff A, Contentin N, et al. Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 750–758.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Bishop MR. Non-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as adoptive cellular therapy. In: Rosenberg SA (ed): Principles and Practice of Biologic Therapy of Cancer Updates, vol. 2, no. 1, 2001, pp. 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Andreas H. Groll
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas J. Walsh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Allogeneic Transplant Program, Ireland Cancer Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Mary J. Laughlin MD

  2. Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Ireland Cancer Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Hillard M. Lazarus MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Groll, A.H., Walsh, T.J. (2003). Recent Developments in Epidemiology and Management of Invasive Fungal Infections. In: Laughlin, M.J., Lazarus, H.M. (eds) Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-333-0_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-333-0_14

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4481-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-333-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation