Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating mental disorder. Despite the fact that abnormal movements have been described in patients with schizophrenia for more than a century (1,2), the significance and scope of this clinical reality is considerably under-represented in much of the medical literature. Because of the initial description of the extrapyramidal side effects of the first antipsychotic chlorpromazine by Steck in 1954 (3), and of tardive dyskinesia by Schonecker in 1957 (4), the focus of much research has been the presumed causal role of antipsychotics in the generation of abnormal movements in schizophrenia. Thus, although tardive dyskinesia has been the focus of a substantial number of studies, spontaneous dyskinesias in schizophrenia have received less consideration (5,6).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Kraepelin, E. (1919) Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (Trans. Barclay, R.M.), Livingstone, Edinburgh.
Rogers, D. (1985) The motor disorders of severe psychiatric illness: a conflict of paradigms. Br. J. Psychiatry 147, 221–232.
Steck, H. (1954) Le syndrome extrapyramidal et diencéphalique au cours des traitements au largactil et au serpasil. Ann. Med. Psychol. 112, 737–743.
Schonecker, V.M. (1957) Ein eigentümliches syndrom in oralen bereich bei megphen applikation. Nervenarzt 28, 35–43.
Baldessarini, R.J. and Taresy, D. (1976) Mechanisms underlying tardive dyskinesia, in The Basal Ganglia (Yahr, M.D., ed.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 433–446.
Kane, J.M. (1999) Tardive dykinesia, in Movement Disorders in Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (Joseph, A.B. and Young, R.R., eds.), Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 31–35.
Kahlbaum, K.L. (1973) Catatonia (Trans. Levij, Y. and Priden, T.), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Waddington, J.L. and Crow, T.J. (1988) Abnormal involuntary movements and psychosis in the preneuroleptic era and in unmedicated patients: implications for the concept of tardive dyskinesia, in Tardive Dyskinesia: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects (Wolf, M. and Mosnaim, A.D., eds.), American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp. 51–66.
Casey, D.E. (1985) Spontaneous and tardive dyskinesias: clinical and laboratory studies. J. Clin. Psychiatry 46, 42–47.
Flinn, D. and Bazzell, W. (1983) Psychiatric aspects of abnormal movement disorders. Brain Res. Bull. 11, 153–161.
McKenna, P.J., Lund, C.E., Mortimer, A.M., and Biggins, C.A. (1991) Motor, volitional and behavioural disorders in schizophrenia 2: the “Conflict of Paradigms” hypothesis. Br. J. Psychiatry 158, 328–336.
Guy, W., ed. (1976) Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS). ECDEU Assessment Manual. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland.
Owens, D.G., Johnstone, E.C., and Frith, C.D. (1982) Spontaneous involuntary disorders of movement: their prevalence, severity, and distribution in chronic schizophrenics with and without treatment with neuroleptics. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39, 452–461.
Crow, T.J., Cross, A.I., Johnstone, E.C., Owen, F., Owens, D.G.C., and Waddington, J.L. (1982) Abnormal involuntary movements in schizophrenia: are they related to the disease process or its treatment? Are they associated with changes in dopamine receptors? J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2, 336–340.
Waddington, J.L. and Youssef, H.A. (1990) The lifetime outcome and involuntary movements of schizophrenia never treated with neuroleptic drugs. Br. J. Psychiatry 156, 106–108.
Fenton, W.S., Wyatt, R.J., and McGlashan, T.H. (1994) Risk factors for spontaneous dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 643–650.
Chorfi, M. and Moussaoui, D. (1989) Lack of dyskinesia in unmedicated schizophrenics [letter]. Psychopharmacology 97, 423.
Fenn, D.S., Moussaoui, D., Hoffman, W.F., et al. (1996) Movements in never-medicated schizophrenics: a preliminary study. Psychopharmacology 123, 206–210.
Schooler, N.R. and Kane, J.M. (1982) Research diagnoses for tardive dyskinesia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39, 486–487.
McCreadie, R.G. and Ohaeri, J.U. (1994) Movement disorder in never and minimally treated Nigerian schizophrenic patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 164, 184–189.
McCreadie, R.G., Thara, R., Kamath, S., et al. (1996) Abnormal movements in never-medicated Indian patients with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 168, 221–226.
Chatterjee, A., Chakos, M., Koreen, A., et al. (1995) Prevalence and clinical correlates of extrapyramidal signs and spontaneous dyskinesia in never-medicated schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 1724–1729.
Gervin, M., Browne, S., Lane, A., et al. (1998) Spontaneous abnormal involuntary movements in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder: baseline rate in a group of patients from an Irish catchment area. Am. J. Psychiatry 155, 1202–1206.
Puri, B.K., Barnes, T.R., Chapman, M.J., Hutton, S.B., and Joyce, E.M. (1999) Spontaneous dyskinesia in first episode schizophrenia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 66, 76–78.
Lang, D.J., Kopala, L.C., Vandorpe, R.A., et al. (2001) An MRI study ot basal ganglia volumes in first-episode schizophrenia patients treated with risperidone. Am. J. Psychiatry 158, 625–631.
Caligiuri, M.P. and Lohr, J.B. (1994) A disturbance in the control of muscle force in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 104–111.
Caligiuri, M.P., Lohr, J.B., Rotrosen, J., et al. (1997) Reliability of an instrumental assessment of tardive dyskinesia: results from VA Cooperative Study #394. Psychopharmacology 132, 61–66.
Fenton, W.S. (2000) Prevalence of spontaneous dyskinesia in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 61(Suppl. 4), 10–14.
Peralta, V. and Cuesta, M.J. (2001) Motor features in psychotic disorders. 1. Factor structure and clinical correlates. Schizophr. Res. 47, 107–116
Waddington, J.L. (1995) Psychopathological and cognitive correlates of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia ana other disorders treated with neuroleptic drugs, in Advances In Neurology, vol. 65 (Weiner, W.J. and Lang, A.E., eds.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 211–229.
Quinn, J., Meagher, D., Murphy, P., Kinsella, A., Mullaney, J., and Waddington, J.L. (2001) Vulnerability to involuntary movements over a lifetime trajectory of schizophrenia approaches 100%, in association with executive (frontal) dysfunction. Schizophr. Res. 49, 79–87.
Brown, F.W. (1992) The neurobiology of late-life psychosis. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 7, 275–289.
D’Alessandro, R., Benassi, G., Cristina, E., Gallasi, R., and Manzaroli, D. (1986) The prevalence of lingual-facialbuccal dyskinesia in the elderly. Neurology 36, 1350–1351.
Kane, J.M., Weinhold, P., Kinon, B., Wegner, J., and Leader, M. (1982) Prevalence of abnormal involuntary movements (“spontaneous dyskinesias”) in the normal elderly. Psychopharmacology 77, 105–108.
Klawans, H.L. and Barr, A. (1982) Prevalence of spontaneous lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesias in the elderly. Neurology 32, 558–559.
Waddington, J.L. (1989) Schizophrenia, affective psychoses and other disorders treated with neuroleptic drugs: the enigma of tardive dyskinesia, its neurobiological determinants and the “conflict of paradigms.” Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 31, 297–353.
Fenton, W.S., Blyler, C.R., Wyatt, R.J., and McGlashan, T.H. (1997) Prevalence of spontaneous dyskinesia in schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 171, 265–268.
Walker, E.F., Savoie, T., and Davis, D. (1994) Neuromotor precursors of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 20, 441–451.
Jones, P., Rodgers, B., Murray, R., and Marmot, M. (1994) Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort. Lancet 344, 1398–1402.
Cassady, S.L., Adami, H., Moran, M., Kunkel, R., and Thaker, G.K. (1998) Spontaneous dyskinesia in subjects with schizophrenia spectrum personality. Am. J. Psychiatry 155, 70–75.
Walker, E., Lewis, N., Loewy, R., and Palyo, S. (1999) Motor dysfunction and risk for schizophrenia. Dev. Psychopathol. 11, 509–523.
Kendler, K.S., McGuire, M., Gruenberg, A.M., O’Hare, A., Spellman, M., and Walsh, D. (1993) The Roscommon Family Study. III. Schizophrenia-related personality disorders in relatives. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50, 781–788.
Mettler, F.A. (1955) Perceptual capacity, functions of the striatum and schizophrenia. Psychiatr. Q. 29, 89–110.
Caligiuri, M.P., Lohr, J.B., and Jeste, D.V. (1993) Parkinsonism in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 150, 1343–1348.
Kennard, M.A. (1960) Value of equivocal signs in neurologic diagnosis. Neurology 10, 753–764.
Gupta, S., Andreasen, N.C., Arndt, S., et al. (1995) Neurological soft signs in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptictreated schizophrenic patients and in normal comparison subjects. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 191–196.
Rossi, A., DeCataldo, S., DeMichele, V., et al. (1990) Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 157, 735–739.
Youssef, H.A. and Waddington, J.L. (1988) Primitive (developmental) reflexes and diffuse cerebral dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: overrepresentation in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Biol. Psychiatry 23, 791–796.
Lawrie, S.M., Byrne, M., Miller, P., et al. (2001) Neurodevelopmental indices and the development of psychotic symptoms in subjects at high risk of schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 178, 524–530.
King, D.J., Wilson, A., Cooper, S.J., and Waddington, J.L. (1991) The clinical correlates of neurological soft signs in chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 158, 770–775.
Quitkin, F., Rifkin, A., and Klein, D.F. (1976) Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia and character disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 33, 845–853.
Browne, S., Clarke, M., Gervin, M., et al. (2000) Determinants of neurological dysfunction in first episode schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 30, 1433–1441.
Cox, S.M. and Ludwig, A.M. (1979) Neurological soft signs and psychopathology, I: findings in schizophrenia. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 167, 161–165.
Busatto, G.F. and Kerwin, R.W. (1997) Schizophrenia, psychosis and the basal ganglia. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 20, 897–910.
Frith, C.D. (1995) Schizophrenia: functional imaging and cognitive abnormalities. Lancet 346, 615–620.
Krüger, S., Bräunig, P., Höffler, J., Shugar, G., Borner, I., and Langkrar, J. (2000) Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in schizophrenia and significance of motor symptoms. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 12, 16–24.
Lovestone, S., Hodgson, S., Sham, P., Differ, A.M., and Levy, R. (1996) Familial psychiatric presentation of Huntington’s disease. J. Med. Genet. 33, 128–131.
Shiwach, R. (1994) Psychopathology in Huntington’s disease patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 90, 241–246.
Tsuang, D., DiGiacomo, L., Lipe, H., and Bird, T.D. (1998) Familial aggregation of schizophrenia-like symptoms in Huntington’s disease. Am. J. Med. Genet. 81, 323–327.
Menon, V., Anagnoson, R.T., Glover, G.H., and Pfefferbaum, A. (2001) Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for disrupted basal ganglia function in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 158, 646–649.
Manoach, D.S., Gollub, R.L., Benson, E.S., et al. (2000) Schizophrenic subjects show aberrant fMRI activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia during working memory performance. Biol. Psychiatry 48, 99–109.
Bertolino, A., Knable, M.B., Saunders, R.C., et al. (1999) The relationship between dorsolateral prefrontal N-acetylaspartate measures and striatal dopamine activity in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 45, 660–667.
Bullmore, E.T., Frangou, S., and Murray, R.M. (1997) The dysplastic net hypothesis: an integration of developmental and dysconnectivity theories of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 28, 143–156.
Paulsen, J.S., Heaton, R.K., Sadek, J. R., et al. (1995) The nature of learning and memory impairments in schizophrenia. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 1, 88–99.
Waddington, J.L., Lane, A., Scully, P., et al. (1999) Early cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis in schizophrenia: a lifetime trajectory model from neurodevelopmental basis to ‘neuroprogressive’ process. J. Psychiatr. Res. 33, 477–489.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bocti, C., Black, D.N., Waddington, J.L. (2003). Dyskinesia in Patients with Schizophrenia Never Treated with Antipsychotics. In: Bédard, MA., Agid, Y., Chouinard, S., Fahn, S., Korczyn, A.D., Lespérance, P. (eds) Mental and Behavioral Dysfunction in Movement Disorders. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-326-2_36
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-326-2_36
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-372-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-326-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive