Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Neurologic Sequelae of Radiotherapy on the Nervous System

  • Chapter
Cancer Neurology in Clinical Practice

Abstract

Radiation therapy (RT) plays a central part in current cancer treatment modalities. However, despite advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms of radiation-induced neurotoxicity and the subsequent development of safer procedures, radiotherapy still accounts for disabling and sometimes life-threatening conditions. In addition, the range of indications of RT is spreading to nontumoral disorders such as vascular malformations or trigeminal neuralgia, a move spearheaded by the development of radiosurgery and other modern irradiation techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Sheline GE, Wara WM, Smith V. Therapeutic irradiation and brain injury. Int J Radiat Biol Oncol Phys 1980; 6: 1215–1228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Young DF, Posner JB, Chu F, Nisce L. Rapid-course radiation therapy of cerebral metastases: results and complications. Cancer 1974; 34 (4): 1069–1076.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hindo WA, DeTrana FA, Lee MS, Hendrickson FR. Large dose increment irradiation in treatment of cerebral metastases. Cancer 1970; 26 (1): 138–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Posner JB. Side effects of radiation therapy. In: Neurologic Complications of Cancer. Posner JB, ed. FA Davis, Philadelphia, 1995, pp. 311–337.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Keime-Guibert F, Napolitano M, Delattre JY. Neurological complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. J Neurol 1998; 245: 695–708.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Phillips PC, Delattre JY, Berger CA, Rottenberg DA. Early and progressive increases in regional brain capillary permeability following single- and fractionated-dose cranial radiation in rat. Neurology 1987; 37 (Suppl 1): 301. (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Freeman J, Johnstone P, Voke J. Somnolence after prophylactic cranial irradiation in children with acute leukaemia. BMJ 1973; 290: 523–525.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Littman P, Rosenstock J, Gale G, Krisch RE, Meadows A, Sather H, et al. The somnolence syndrome in leukemic children following reduced daily dose fractions of cranial radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1984; 10 (10): 1851–1853.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ch’ien LT, Aur RJ, Stagner S, Cavallo K, Wood A, Goff J, et al. Long-term neurological implications of somnolence syndrome in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Neurol 1980; 8 (3): 273–277.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Faithfull S, Brada M. Somnolence syndrome in adults following cranial irradiation for primary brain tumours. Clin Oncol 1998; 10: 250–254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Mandell L, Walker W, Steinherz P, Fuks Z. Reduced incidence of the somnolence syndrome in leukemic children with steroid coverage during prophylactic cranial radiation therapy. Cancer 1989; 63 (10): 1975–1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hoffman M, Levin VA, Wilson CB. Evaluation of malignant glioma patients during the post-irradiation period. J Neurosurg 1979; 50: 624–628.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Armstrong C, Ruffer J, Corn B W, Devriees K, Mollman J Biphasic patterns of memory deficits following moderate-dose partial-brain irradiation: neuropsychologic outcome and proposed mechanisms. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2263–2271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Vigliani MC, Sichez N, Poisson M, Delattre JY. A prospective study of cognitive functions following conventional radiotherapy for supratentorial gliomas in young adults: 4-year results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 35 (3): 527–533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Van Oosterhout AGM, Ganzevles PGJ, Wilmink JT, De Geus BWJ, Van Vonderen RGMW, Twijnstra A. Sequelae in long-term survivors of small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 34: 1037–1044.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chak LY, Zatz LM, Wasserstein P, Cox RS, Kushlan PD, Porzig KJ, Sikic BI. Neurological dysfunction in patients treated for small cell carcinoma of the lung: a clinical radiological study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1986; 12: 385–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Créange A, Felten D, Kiesel 1, Renard JL, Vespignani H, Béquet D. Leucoencéphalopathie subaiguë du rhombencéphale après radiothérapie hypophysaire. Rev Neurol 1994; 150 (10): 704–708.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lampert P, Tom MI, Rider WD. Disseminated demyelination of the brain following Co60 radiation. Arch Pathol 1959; 68; 322–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Malone S, Raaphorst GP, Gray R, Girard A, Alsbeih G. Enhanced in vitro radiosensitivityof skin fibroblasts in two patients developing brain necrosis following AVM radiosurgery: a new risk factor with potential for a predictive assay. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 47 (1): 185–189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Kassam A, Phuong LK, Liscak R, Pollock B. Development of a model to predict permanent symptomatic postradiosurgery injury for arteriovenous malformation patients. Arteriovenous malformation study group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 46 (5): 1143–1148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Schlienger M, Atlan D, Lefkopooulos D, Merienne L, Touboul E, Missir O, et al. Linac radiosurgery for cerebral arteriovenous malformations: results in 169 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 46 (5): 1135–1142.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Miyawaki L, Dowd C, Wara W, Goldsmith B, Albright N, Gutin P, et al. Five year results of LINAC radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations: outcome for large AVMs. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999; 44 (5): 1089–1106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Delattre JY, Posner JB. Neurological complications of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In: Neurology and General Medicine, 2nd ed Aminoff MJ, ed. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1995, pp. 421–445.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Oppenheimer JH, Levy ML, Sinha U, El Kadi H, Apuzzo ML, Luxton G, et al. Radionecrosis secondary to interstitial brachytherapy: correlation of magnetic resonance magnetic imaging and histopathology. Neurosurgery 1992; 31 (2): 336–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Van Effenterre R, Boch AL. Radionécrose du chiasma. Neurochirurgie 1993; 39 (2): 75–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Coghlan KM, Magennis P. Cerebral radionecrosis following the treatment of parotid tumours: a case report and review of the literature. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1999; 28 (1): 50–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cirafisi C, Verderame F. Radiation-induced rhombencephalopathy. Ital J Neurol Sci 1999; 20 (1): 55–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kumar Ai, Leeds NE, Fuller GN, Van Tassel P, Maor MH, Sawaya RE, Levin VA. Malignant gliomas: MR imaging spectrum of radiation therapy- and chemotherapy-induced necrosis of the brain after treatment. Radiology 2000; 217 (2): 377–384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Janus Ti, Kim EE, Tilbury R, Bruner JM, Yung WK. Use of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with primary malignant brain tumors. Ann Neurol 1993; 33 (5): 540–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lamy-Lhuillier C, Dubois F, Blond S, Lecouffe P, Steinling M. Intérêt de la tomoscintigraphie cérébrale au sestamibi marqué au technétium dans le diagnostic différentiel récidive tumorale-radionécrose des tumeurs gliales sus-tentorielles de l’adulte. Neurochirurgie 1999; 45 (2): 110–117.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ricci PE, Karis JP, Heiserman JE, Fram EK, Bice AN, Drayer BP. Differentiating recurrent tumor from radiation necrosis: time for re-evaluation of positron emission tomography. AJNR 1998; 19: 407–413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Matheja P, Rickert C, Weckesser M, Hoss N, Schober O. Scintigraphic pitfall: delayed radionecrosis. Case illustration. J Neurosurg 2000; 92 (4): 732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Forsyth PA, Kelly Pi, Cascino TL, Scheithauer BW, Shaw EG, Dinapoli RP, Atkinson EJ. Radiation necrosis or glioma recurrence: is computer-assisted stereotactic biopsy useful? J Neurosurg 1995; 82 (3): 436–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Glantz MJ, Burger PC, Friedman AH, Radtke RA, Massey EW, Schold Jr SC. Treatment of radiation induced nervous system injury with heparin and warfarin. Neurology 1994; 44: 2020–2027.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Chuba PJ, Aronin P, Bhambhani K, Eichenhorn M, Zamarano L, Cianci P, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for radiation-induced brain injury in children. Cancer 1997; 80 (10): 2005–2012.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Leber KA, Eder HG, Kovac H, Anegg U,; Pendl G. Treatment of cerebral radionecrosis by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1998; 70 (Suppl 1): 229–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tofilon Pi, Fike JR. The radioresponse of the central nervous system: a dynamic process. Radiat Res 2000; 153 (4): 357–370.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Schultheiss TE, Stephens LC. Permanent radiation myelopathy (invited review). Br J Radiol 1992; 65: 737–753.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Calvo W, Hopewell JW, Reinhold HS, Yeung TK. Time-and dose-related changes in the white matter of the rat brain after single doses of X-rays. Br J Radiol 1988; 61 (731): 1043–1052.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Reinhold HS, Calvo W, Hopewell JW, Van der Berg AP. Development of blood vessel-related radiation damage in the fimbria of the central nervous system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990; 18 (1): 37–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Delattre JY, Rosenblum LK, Thaler HR, Mandell L, Shapiro WR, Posner JB. A model of radiation myelopathy in the rat. Brain 1988; 111: 1319–1336.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Morris GM, Coderre JA, Micca PL, Fisher C, Capala J, Hopewell JA. Central nervous system tolerance to boron neutron capture therapy with p-boronophenylalanine. Br J Cancer 1997; 76: 1623–1629.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lutz PL. Mechanisms for anoxic survival in the vertebrate brain. Annu Rev Physiol 2001; 54: 601–618.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Van der Maazen RWM, Berhagen I, Kleiboer BJ, van der Kogel AJ. Radiosensitivity of glial progenitor cells of the perinatal and adult rat optic nerve studied by an in vitro clonogenic assay. Radiother Oncol 1991; 20: 258–264.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Van der Maazen RWM, Kleiboer BJ, Berhagen I, van der Kogel AJ. Irradiation in vitro discriminates between different O-2A progenitor cell subpopulations in the perinatal central nervous system of rats. Radiat Res 1991; 128: 64–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Van der Maazen RWM; Kleiboer BJ, Berhagen I, van der Kogel Ai. Repair capacity of adult rat glial progenitor cells determined by an in vitro clonogenic assay after in vitro or in vivo fractionated irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 1993; 63: 661–666.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Hornsey S, Myers R, Coultas PG, Rogers MA, White A. Turnover of proliferative cells in the spinal cord after x irradiation and its relation to time-dependent repair of radiation damage. Br J Radiol 1981; 54: 1081–1085.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Fike JR, Cann CE, Turowski K, Higgins RJ, Chan ASL, Phillips TL, Davis RL. Radiation dose response of normal brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1988; 14: 63–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Asai A, Matsutani M, Kohno T, Nakamura O, Tanaka H, Fujimaki T, et al. Subacute brain atrophy after radiation therapy for malignant brain tumor. Cancer 1989; 63: 1962–1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Enokido Y, Araki T, Tanaka K, Aizawa S, Hatanaka H. Involvement of p53 in DNA strand break-induced apoptosis in postmitotic CNS neurons. Eur J Neurosci 1996; 8 (9): 1812–1821.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gobbel GT, Bellinzona M, Vogt AR, Gupta N, Fike JR, Cha PH. Response of postmitotic neurons to X-irradiation: implications for the role of DNA damage in neuronal apoptosis. J Neurosci 1998; 18 (1): 147–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Noel F, Tofilon PJ. Astrocytes protect against x-ray-induced neuronal toxicity in vitro. NeuroReport 1998; 9: 1133–1137.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Montgomery DL. Astrocytes: form, function and roles in disease. Vet Pathol 1994; 31: 145–167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Muller HW, Junghans U, Kappler J. Astroglial neurotrophic and neurite-promoting factors. Pharmacol Ther 1995; 65: 1–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ridet JL, Malhotra SK. Reactive astrocytes: celfular and molecular clues to biological function. Trends Neurosci 1997; 20: 570–577.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Chiang CS, McBride WH, Withers HR. Radiation-induced astrocytic and microglial responses in mouse brain. Radiother Oncol 1993; 29 (1): 60–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Barres BA, Raff MC. Proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells depends on electrical activity in axons. Nature 1993; 361: 258–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Wilson JX. Antioxidant defense of the brain: a role for astrocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1997; 75: 1149–1163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Schroeter ML, Mertsch K, Giese H, Muller S, Sporbert A, Hickel B, Blasig IE. Astrocytes enhance radical defence in capillary endothelial cells constituting the blood-brain barrier. FEBS Lett 2001; 449: 241–244.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Iwata-Ichikawa E, Kondo Y, Miyazaki I, Asanuma M, Ogawa N. Glial cells protect neurons against oxidative stress via transcriptional up-regulation of the glutathione synthesis. J Neurochem 1999; 72: 2334–2344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Desagher S, Glowinski J, Premont J. Astrocytes protect neurons form hydrogen peroxyde toxicity. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 2553–2562.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Janzer RC, Raff MC. Astrocytes induce blood-brain barier properties in endothelial cells. Nature 1987; 325: 253–257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Zucker-Frayklin D, Warfel A, Grusky G, Frangione B, Teitel D. Novel monocyte-like properties of microglial/astroglial cells. Constitutive secretion of lysozyme and cystatin-C. Lab Invest 1987; 57: 176–185.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Nakagawa M, Bellinzona M, Seilhan TM, Gobbel GT, Lamborn KR, Fike JR. Microglial responses after focal radiation-induced injury are affected by alpha-difluoromethylornithine. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996; 36: 113–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Thomas WE. Brain macrophages: evaluation of microglia and their function. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1992; B17: 61–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hopewell JW, Cavanagh JB. Effects of X irradiation on the mitotic activity of the subependymal plate of rats. Br J Radiol 1972; 45 (534): 461–465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Tada E, Yang E, Gobbel GT, Lamborn KR, Fike JR. Long-term impairment of subependymal repopulation following damage by ionizing irradiation. Exp Neurol 1999; 160 (1): 66–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Imperato JP, Paleologos NA, Vick NA. Effects of treatment on long-term survivors with malignant gliomas. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 818–822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Vigliani MC, Duyckaerts C, Delattre JY. Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction in adults. In: Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 23(67). Vecht CJ, ed. Science, Elsevier, 1997, pp. 371–388.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Archibald YM, Lunn D, Ruttan LA, Macdonald DR, Del Maestro RF, Barr HW, et al. Cognitive functioning in long-term survivors of high-grade glioma. J Neurosurg 1994; 80: 247–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Twijnstra A, Boon PJ, Lormans ACM, Ten Velde GPM. Neuro-toxicity of prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1987; 23: 983–986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Lee PWH, Hung BKM, Woo EKW, Tai PTH, Choi DTK. Effects of radiation therapy on neuropsychological functioning in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52: 488–492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. DeAngelis LM, Delattre JY, Posner JB. Radiation-induced dementia in patients cured of brain metastases. Neurology 1989; 39: 789–796.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Siegal T, Lossos A, Pfeffer MR. Leptomeningeal metastases: analysis of 31 patients with sustained off-therapy response following combined-modality therapy. Neurology 1994; 44 (8): 1463–1469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. DeAngelis LM, Yahalom J, Thaler HT, Kher U. Combined modality therapy for primary CNS lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 635–643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Abrey LE, Yahalom J, DeAngelis LM. Treatment for primary CNS lymphoma: the next step. J Clin Oncol 2001; 18 (17): 3144–3150.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Armstrong CL, Corn BW, Ruffer JE, Pruitt AA, Mollman JE, Phillips PC. Radiotherapeutic effects on brain function: double dissociation of memory systems. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2000; 13 (2): l01–111.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Meyers CA, Weitzner MA, Valentine AD, Levin VA. Methylphenidate therapy improves cognition, mood, and function of brain tumor patients. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16 (7): 2522–2527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Crossen JR, Garwood D, Glatstein E, Neuwelt EA. Neurobehavioral sequelae of cranial irradiation in adults: a review of radiation-induced encephalopathy. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12 (3): 627–642.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Thiessen B, DeAngelis LM. Hydrocephalus in radiation leukoencephalopathy. Arch Neurol 1998; 55: 705–710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Ron E, Modan B, Boice JD, Alfandary E, Stovall M, Chetrit A, Katz L. Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood. N Engl J Med 1988; 319 (16): 1033–1039.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hawkins MM, Draper GJ, Kingston JE. Incidence of second primary tumors among childhood cancer survivors. Br J Cancer 1987; 56 (3): 339–347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Brada M, Ford D, Ashley S, Bliss JM, Crowley S, Mason M, et al. Risk of second brain tumour after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary adenomas. BMJ 1992; 304 (6838): 1343–1346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Neglia JP, Meadows AT, Robison LL, Kim TH, Newton WA, Ruymann FB, et al. Second neoplasms after acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. N Engl J Med 1991; 325 (19): 1330–1336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Amirjamshidi A, Abbassioun K. Radiation-induced tumors of the central nervous system occurring in childhood and adolescence. Four unusual lesions in three patients and a review of the literature. Childs Nery Syst 2000; 16 (7): 390–397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Strojan P, Popovic M, Jereb B. Secondary intracranial meningiomas after high-dose cranial irradiation: report of five cases and review of the literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48 (1): 65–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Musa BS, Pople IK, Cummins BH. Intracranial meningiomas following irradiation: a growing problem? Br J Neurosurg 1995; 9 (5): 629–637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Mack EE. Radiation-induced tumors. In: The Gliomas. Berger MS, Wilson CB, eds. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1999, pp. 724–735.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Murros KE, Toole JF. The effect of radiation on the carotid artery. Arch Neurol 1989; 46: 449–445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Gupta S. Radiation induced carotid artery blow out: a case report. Acta Chir Belg 1994; 94 (5): 299–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. McCready RA, Hyde GP, Bivins BA. Radiation induced arterial injuries. Surgery 1983; 93: 306–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Bernstein M, Lumley M, Davidson G, Laperriere N, Leung P. Intracranial arterial occlusion associated with high-activity iodine-125 brachytherapy for glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 1993; 17: 253–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Werner MH, Burger PC, Heinz ER, Friedman AH, Halperin EC, Schold Jr SC. Intracranial atherosclerosis following radiotherapy. Neurology 1988; 38: 1158–1160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Bitzer M, Topka H. Progressive cerebral occlusive disease after radiation therapy. Stroke 1995; 26: 131–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Grill J, Couanet D, Cappelli C, Habrand JL, Rodriguez D, Sainte-Rose C, Kalifa C. Radiation-induced cerebral vasculopathy in children with neurofibromatosis and optic pathway glioma. Ann Neurol 1999; 45 (3): 393–396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Suzuki Y, Negoro M, ShibuyaM, Yoshida J, Negoro T, d Watanabe K. Surgical treatment for pediatric moyamoya disease: use of the superficial temporal artery for both areas supplied by the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Neurosurgery 1997; 40 (2): 324–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Dauser RC, Tuite GF, McCluggage CW. Dural inversion procedure for moyamoya disease. Technical note. J Neurosurg 1997; 86: 719–723.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Fouladi M, Langston J, Mulhern R, Jones D, Xiong X, Yang J, et al. Silent lacunar lesions detected by MRI of children with brain tumors: a late sequela of therapy. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18 (4): 824–831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Novelli PM, Reigel DH, Langham Gleason P, Yunis E. Multiple cavernous angiomas after high-dose whole-brain radiation therapy. Pediatr Neurosurg 1997; 26 (6): 322–325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Jensen FK, Wagner A. Intracranial aneurysm following radiation therapy for medulloblastoma. A case report and review of the literature. Acta Radiol 1997, 38 (1): 37–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Azzarelli B, Moore J, Gilmor R, Muller J, Edwards M, Mealey J. Multiple fusiform intracranial aneurysms following curative radiation therapy for suprasellar germinoma. J Neurosurg 1984; 61: 1141–1145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Constine LS, Woolf PD, Cann D, Mick G, McCormick K, Raubertas RF, Rubin P. Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction after radiation for brain tumors. N Engl J Med 1993; 328 (2): 87–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG. Radiation and hypothalamic-pituitary function. BaillËres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 4: 147–175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Robinson EL, Sutton ML. Radiation-induced hypopituitarism is dose-dependent. Clin Endocrinol 1989; 31 (3): 363–375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Clayton PE, Shalet SM. Dose dependency of time of onset of radiation-induced growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr 1991; 118 (2): 226–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Rappaport R, Brauner R. Growth and endocrine disorders secondary to cranial irradiation. Pediatr Res 1989; 25 (6): 561–567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Schmiegelow M, Lassen S, Poulsen S, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Schmiegelow K, Hertz H, Muller J. Cranial radiotherapy of childhood brain tumours: growth hormone deficiency and its relation to the biological effective dose of irradiation in a large population based study. Clin Endocrinol 2000; 53 (2): 191–197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Arlt W, Hove U, Muller B, Reincke M, Berweiler U, Schwab F, Allolio B. Frequent and frequently overlooked: treatment-induced endocrine dysfunction in adult long-term survivors of primary brain tumors. Neurology 1997; 49 (2): 498–506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Taphoorn MJB, Heiman JJ, Van der Veen EA, Karim ABMF. Endocrine functions in long-term survivors of low-grade supratentorial glioma treated with radiation therapy. J Neurooncol 1995; 25 (2): 97–102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Samaan NA, Vieto R, Schultz PN, Mao RM, Meoz RT, Sampiere VA. Hypothalamic pituitary and thyroid dysfunction after radiotherapy of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1982; 8: 1857–1867.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Petterson T, MacFarlane IA, Foy PM, Hughes HJ, Jones B, Shaw D. Hyperprolactinaemia and infertility following cranial irradiation for brain tumours: successful treatment with bromocriptine. Br J Neurosurg 1993; 7 (5): 571–574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Ahlbom. Results of radiotherapy of hypopharyngeal cancer at Radium-Hemmet, Stockholm. Acta Radiol 1941; 22: 155–171.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Rampling R, Symonds P. Radiation myelopathy. Curr Opin Neurol 1998; 11 (6): 627–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Word JA, Kalokhe UP, Aron BS. Transient radiation myelopathy in patients with Hodgkin’s disease treated by mantle irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1980; 6: 1731–1733.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Fein DA, Marcus RB, Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Million RR. Lhermitte’s sign: incidence and treatment variables influencing risk after irradiation of the cervical spinal cord. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 27 (5): 1029–1033.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Jones A. Transient radiation myelopathy. Br J Radiol 1964; 37: 727–744.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lewanski CR, Sinclair JA, Stewart JS. Lhermitte’s sign following head and neck radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2000; 12 (2): 98–103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Peterson, K., Rosenblum MK, Powers JM, Alvord E, Walker RW, Posner JB. Effect of brain irradiation on demyelinating lesions. Neurology. 1993; 43 (10): 2105–2112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Li YQ, Jay V, Wong C. Oligodendrocytes in the adult rat spinal cord undergo radiation induced apoptosis. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 5417–5422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Chao MW, Wirth A, Ryan G, MacManus M, Liew KH. Radiation myelopathy following transplantation and radiotherapy for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 41 (5): 1057–1061.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Schultheiss TE, Kun LE, Ang KK, Stephens LC. Radiation response of the central nervous system. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 31 (5): 1093–1112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Pallis CA, Louis S, Morgan RL. Radiation myelopathy. Brain 1961; 84: 460–479.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Wang PY, Shen WC, Jan JS. MR imaging in radiation myelopathy. Am J Neuroradiol 1992; 13: 1049–1055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Yasui T, Yagura H, Komiyama M, Fu Y, Nagata Y, Tamura K, et al. Significance of gadolinium enhanced MRI in differentiating spinal cord radiation myelopathy from tumor. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 628–631.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Wang PJ, Shen WC, Jan JS. Serial MRI changes in radiation myelopathy. Neuroradiology 1995; 37: 374–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Komachi H, Tsuchiya K, Ikeda M, Koike R, Matsunaga T, and Ikeda K. Radiation myelopathy: a clinicopathological study with special reference to correlation between MRI findings and neuropathology. J Neurol Sci 1995; 132: 228–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Koehler PJ, Verbiest H, Jager J, Vecht CJ. Delayed radiation myelopathy: serial MR-imaging and pathology. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1996; 98: 197–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Michikawa M, Wada Y, Sano M, Uchihara T, Furukawa T, Shibuya H, Tsukagochi H. Radiation myelopathy: significance of gadolinium-DTPA enhancement in the diagnosis. Neuroradiology 1991; 33 (3): 286–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Alfonso ER, De Gregorio MA, Mateo P, Esco R, Bascon N, Morales F, et al. Radiation myelopathy in over-irradiated patients: MR imaging findings. Eur Radiol 1997; 7 (3): 400–404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Shindo K, Nitta K, Amino A, Nagasaka T, Shiozawa Z. A case of chronic progressive radiation myelopathy with cavity formation in the thoracic spinal cord. Clin Neurol 1995; 35: 1012–1015.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Wang PY, Shen WC, Jan JS.Somatosensory evoked potential study in cervical radiation myelopathy. Chung Hua i Hsueh Tsa Chih 1995; 56: 179–185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Snooks S, Swash M. Motor conduction velocity in the human spinal cord: slowed conduction in multiple sclerosis and radiation myelopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 1135–1139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Angibaud G, Ducasse JL, Baille G, Clanet M. Potential value of hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of post radiation myelopathies. Rev Neurol 1995; 151: 661–666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Calabro F, Jinkins JR. MRI of radiation myelitis: a report of a case treated with hyperbaric oxygen. Eur Radiol 2000; 10(7): 1079–1084.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Allen JC, Miller DC, Budzilovitch GN, Epstein FJ. Brain and spinal cord hemorrhage in long-term survivors of malignant pediatric brain tumors: a possible late effect of therapy. Neurology 1991; 41: 148–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Sagar SM, Thomas RJ Loverock LT Spittle MF, Thomas RJ, Loverock LT, Spittle MF. Olfactory sensations produced by high-energy photon irradiation of the olfactory receptor mucosa in humans. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 20 (4): 771–776.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Carmichael KA, Jennings AS, Doty RL. Reversible anosmia after pituitary irradiation. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100 (4): 532–533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Ophir D, Guterman A, Gross-Isseroff R. Changes in smell acuity induced by radiation exposure of the olfactory mucosa. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 114 (8): 853–855.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Parsons JT, Bova FJ, Fitzgerald CR, Mendenhall WM, Million RR. Radiation optic neuropathy after megavoltage external-beam irradiation: analysis of time-dose factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 30 (4): 755–763.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Valanconny C, Koenig F, Benchaboune M, Goyet D, Mezmate K, Schmitt T, Maugery J. Complications de la radiothérapie des néovaisseaux de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à Pâge. J Fr Ophtalmo1 2000; 23 (2): 151–157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Meyer A, Lévy C, Blondel J, D’Hermies F, Frau E, Schlienger P, et al. Neuropathie optique après protonthérapie pour mélanome malin de la choroïde. J Fr Ophtalmo1 2000; 23 (6): 543–553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Piquemal R, Cottier JP, Arsene S, et al. Radiation-induced optic neuropathy 4 years after radiation: report of a case followed up with MM. Neuroradiology 1998; 40: 439–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Levin LA, Gragoudas ES, Lessell S. Endothelial cell loss in irradiated optic nerves. Ophtalmology 2000; 107: 370–374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Borruat FX, Schatz NJ, Glaser JS, Feun LG, Matos L. Visual recovery from radiation-induced optic neuropathy. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Clin Neuroophtalmol 1993; 13 (2): 98–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Roden D, Bosley TM, Fowble B, Clark J, Savino PJ, Sergott RC, Schatz NJ. Delayed radiation injury to the retrobulbar optic nerves and chiasm. Clinical syndrome and treatment with hyperbaric oxygen and steroids. Ophtalmology 1990; 97 (3): 346–351.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Mohamed IG, Roa W, Fulton D, Halls S, Jha N, Kherani A, Johnson R. Optic nerve sheath fenestration for a reversible optic neuropathy in radiation oncology. Am J Clin Oncol 2000; 23 (4): 401–405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Lessell S, Lessell IM, Rizzo JF. Ocular neuromyotonia after radiation therapy. Am J Ophtalmol 1986; 102: 766–770.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Marti-Fabregas J, Montero J, Lopez-Villegas D, Quer M. Post-irradiation neuromyotonia in bilateral facial and trigeminal nerve distribution. Neurology 1997; 48: 1107–1109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Diaz JM, Urban ES, Schiffman JS, Peterson AC. Post-irradiation neuromyotonia affecting trigeminal nerve distribution: an unusual presentation. Neurology 1992; 42: 1102–1104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Maesawa S, Salame C, Flickinger JC, Pirris S, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD. Clinical outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 2001; 94: 14–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Rogers CL, Shetter AG, Fiedler JA, Smith KA, Han PP, Speiser BL. Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: the initial experience of the Barrow Neurological Institute. IntJ Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 47 (4): 1013–1019.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Giese WL, Kinsella TJ. Radiation injury to peripheral and cranial nerves. In: Radiation Injury to the Nervous System. Gutin PH, Leibel SA, Sheline GE, eds. Raven Press, New York, 1991, pp. 383–403.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Dewys WD, Walter K. Abnormalities of taste sensation in cancer patients. Cancer 1975; 36: 1888–1896.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Noren G, Greitz D, Hirsch A, Lax I. Gamma knife surgery in acoustic tumors. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1993; 58: 104–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Noren G, Hirsch A, Mosskin M. Long-term efficacy of gamma knife radiosurgery in vestibular schwannomas. Acta Neurochir 1993; 122: 164.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Foote RL, Coffey RJ, Swanson JW, Harner SG, Beatty CW, Kline RW, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery using the gamma knife for acoustic neuromas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 32: 1153–1160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Gibb AG, Loh KS. The role of radiation in delayed hearing loss in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Laryngol Otol 2000; 114(2): 139–144.

    Google Scholar 

  158. McDonald LW, Donovo MP, Plantz RG. Radiosensitivity of the vestibular apparatus of the rabbit. Radiat Res 1966; 27: 510–511.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Moskovskaya NU. Effects of ionizing radiation on the functioning of the vestibular analyser. Vestn Otorinolaryngol 1960; 21: 59–62.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Ito K, Shin M, Matsuzaki M, Sugasawa K, Sasaki T. Risk factors for neurological complications after acoustic neurinoma radiosurgery: refinement from further experiences. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48 (1): 75–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, McLaughlin MR, Flickinger JC. Long-term outcomes after radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas. N Eng1J Med 1998; 339 (20): 1426–1433.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Niranjan A, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC, Maitz A, Kondziolka D. Dose reduction improves hearing preservation rates after intracanalicular acoustic tumor radiosurgery. Neurosurgery 1999; 45 (4): 753–762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Spiegelmann R, Lidar Z, Gofman J, Alezra D, Hadani M, Pfeffer R. Linear accelerator radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma. J Neurosurg 2001; 94: 7–13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Linskey ME. Stereotactic radiosurgery versus stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with vestibular schwannoma: a Leksell Gamma Knife Society 2000 debate. J Neurosurg 2000: 93 (Suppl 3); 90–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Berger PS and Bataini JP. Radiation-induced cranial nerve palsy. Cancer 1977; 40: 152–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Cheng VST, Schultz MD. Unilateral hypoglossal nerve atrophy as a late complication of radiation therapy of head and neck carcinoma: a report of four cases and a review of the literature on peripheral and cranial nerve damages after radiation therapy. Cancer 1975; 35: 1537–1544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Kang MY, Holland JM, Stevens KR. Cranial neuropathy following curative chemotherapy and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the nasopharynx. J Laryngol Otol 2000; 114: 308–310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Johnston EF, Hammond AJ, Cairncross JG. Bilateral hypoglossal palsies: a late complication of curative radiotherapy. Can J Neurol Sci 1989; 16: 198–199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. King AD, Ahuja A, Leung SF, Chan YL, Lam WWM, Metreweli C. MR features of the denervated tongue in radiation induced neuropathy. Br J Radiol 1999; 72: 349–353.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. King AD, Leung SF, Teo P, Lam WW, Chan YL, Metreweli C. Hypoglossal nerve palsy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 1999; 21 (7): 614–619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Stern Y, Marshak B, Shpitzer T, Segal K, Feinmesser R. Vocal cord palsy: possible late complication of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1995; 104 (4 Pt 1): 294–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Takimoto T, Saito Y, Suzuki M, Nishimura T. Radiation-induced cranial nerve palsy: hypoglossal nerve and vocal cord palsies. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105 (1): 44–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Salner AL, Botnick LE, Herzog AG. Reversible brachial plexopathy following primary radiation therapy for breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rep 1981; 65: 797–802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Pierce SM, Recht A, Lingos TI. Long-term radiation complications following conservative surgery and radiation therapy in patients with early stage breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 23: 915–923.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Davila I, Delattre JY, Said G. An experimental model of radiation neuropathy and plexopathy. Neurology 1990; 40 (Suppl 1): 277.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Pradat PF, Poisson M, Delattre JY. Neuropathies radiques. Rev Neurol1994; 150: 664–677.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Stoll BA, Andrews JT. Radiation-induced peripheral neuropathy. BMJ 1966; 11: 834–837.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Olsen NK, Pfeiffer P, Mondrup K, Rose C. Radiation-induced brachial plexus neuropathy in breast cancer patients. Acta Oncol 1990; 29 (7): 885–890.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Gillette EL, Mahler PA, Powers BE, Gillette SM, Vujaskovic Z. Radiation injury to muscle and peripheral nerves. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995; 31: 1309–1318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Kori SH, Foley KM, Posner JB. Brachial plexus lesions in patients with cancer: 100 cases. Neurology 1981; 31: 45–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Thyagaraj an K, Cascino T, Harms G. Magnetic resonance imaging in brachial plexopathy of cancer. Neurology 1995; 45: 421–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Cooke J, Powell S, Parsons C. The diagnosis by computed tomography of brachial plexus lesions following radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. Clin Radiol 1988; 39: 602–606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Fishman EK, Campbell JN, Kuhlman JE, Kawashima A, Ney DR, Friedman NB. Multiplanar CT evaluation of brachial plexopathy in breast cancer. Comput Assist Tomogr 1991; 15: 790–795.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Wouter van Es H, Engelen AM, Witkamp TD, Ramos LM, Feldberg MA. Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy: MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol 1997; 26 (5): 284–288.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Qayyum A, MacVicar AD, Padhani AR, Revell P, Husband JE. Symptomatic brachial plexopathy following treatment for breast cancer: utility of MR imaging with surface-coil techniques. Radiology 2000; 214 (3): 837–842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Ahmad A, Barrington S, Maisey M, Rubens RD. Use of positron emission tomography in evaluation of brachial plexopathy breast cancer patients. Br J Cancer 1999; 79 (3–4): 478–482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Ernotte D, Bouche P. Complications nerveuses périphériques de la radiothérapie. In: Neuropathies Périphériques. Bouche P, Vallat JM, eds. Doin, Paris, 1992, pp. 717–727.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Harper CM, Thomas JE, Cascino TL, Litchy WG. Distinction between neoplasia and radiation induced brachial plexopathy with emphasis on the role of the EMG. Neurology 1989; 39: 502–506.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Kori SH. Diagnosis and management of brachial plexus lesions in cancer patients. Oncology (Huntingt) 1995; 9 (8): 756–760.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Gèrard JM, Franck N, Moussa Z, Hildebrand J. Acute ischemic brachial plexus neuropathy following radiation therapy. Neurology 1989; 39: 450–451.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Schiodt AV, Kristensen O. Neurologic complications after irradiation of malignant tumor of the testis. Acta Radiol Oncol 1978; 17: 369–378.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Thomas JE, Cascino TL. Differential diagnosis between radiation and tumor plexopathy of the pelvis. Neurology 1985; 35: 1–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Maier JG, Perry RH, Saylor W, Sulak MH. Radiation myelitis of the dorso-lumbar spinal cord. Radiology 1969; 93: 153–160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Bowen J, Gregory R, Squier M, Donaghy M. The post-irradiation lower motor neuron syndrome: neuronopathy or radiculopathy. Brain 1996; 119: 1429–1439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Lamy C, Mas JL, Varet M, Ziegler M, de Recondo J. Postradiation lower motor neuron syndrome presenting as monomelic amyotrophy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991; 54: 648–649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Hussussian CH, Mackinnon SE. Postradiation neural sheath sarcoma of the brachial plexus: a case report. Ann Plast Surg 1999; 43 (3): 313–317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Foley KM, Woodruff JM, Ellis FT, Posner JB. Radiation-induced malignant and atypical peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Ann Neurol 1980; 7: 311–318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Shiu MH, Hilaris BS, Harrison LB, Brennan MF. Brachytherapy and function-saving resection of soft tissue sarcoma arising in the limb. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1991; 21 (6): 1485–1492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Wanebo JE, Malik JM, Vandenberg SR, Wanebo HJ, Driesen N, Persing JA. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. A clinico-pathologic study of 28 cases. Cancer 1993: 71: 1247–1253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Anthony Béhin MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jean-Yves Delattre MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    David Schiff MD

  2. Center for Neuro-Oncology Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Patrick Y. Wen MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Béhin, A., Delattre, JY. (2003). Neurologic Sequelae of Radiotherapy on the Nervous System. In: Schiff, D., Wen, P.Y. (eds) Cancer Neurology in Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-317-0_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-317-0_14

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4703-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-317-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation