Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Colonic Lymphatics

  • Chapter
Colonic Diseases

  • 241 Accesses

Abstract

Mesenteric lymphatics have been studied since the 16th century. One of the earliest published observations was mady by Asellius (1581–1625), Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in Milan, who, in 1622, documented the presence of a white vessel system, “venae albae et lacteae” in a postprandial canine mesentery (1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Asellius G. De Lactibus sive lacteis venis Quarto Vasorum Mesaraicorum Genere Novo Invento. Apud Jo Baptistam Bidelliu, Mediolani, Italy, 1627.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Barrowman JA. Physiology of the Castro-Intestinal Lymphatic System Books on Demand, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Cecilia M, Fenoglio MD, Kaye GI, Lane N. Distribution of Human Colonic Lymphatics in Normal, Hyper-plastic, and Adenomatous Tissue. Its relationship to metastasis from small carcinomas in pedunculated adenomas, with two case reports. Gastroenterology, 64 (1973) 51–66.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hirai R, Nimura Y, Sakai H. The three-dimensional microstructure of intramural lymphatics in the canine large intestine. Gastroenterol. Jpn, 25 (1990) 169–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Sterns EE, Vaughan GER. The Lymphatics of the dog colon: A study of the lymph drainage patterns by indirect lymphography in the dog under normal and abnormal conditions. Cancer, 26 (1970) 218–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Jameson JK, Dobson JF. The lymphatics of the colon. Proc. R. Soc. Med, 2 (1909) 149.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Schumpelick V, Dreuw B, Ophoff K, Prescher A. Appendix and cecum: Embryology, anatomy, and surgical applications. Surg. Clin. N. Am, 80 (2000) 295–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Siddharth P, Ravo B. Colorectal neurovasculature and anal sphincter. Surg. Clin. N. Am, 68 (1988) 1185.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Godlewski G, Prudhomme M. Embryology and anatomy of the anorectum. Surg. Clin. N. Am, 80 (2000) 319–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ablan CJ, Littooy FN, Freeark RJ. Postoperative chyous ascites: diagnosis and treatment A series report and literature review. Arch. Surg, 125 (1990) 270–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lesser GT, Bruno MS, Enselberg K. Chylous ascites. Newer insights and many remaining enigmas. Arch. Intern. Med, 125 (1970) 1073–1074.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Carmeliet P, Collen D. Vascular development and disorders: molecular analysis and pathogenic insights. Kidney Int, 53 (1998) 1519–1549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kubik S, Manestar M. Anatomy ofthe Lymph Capillaries and Pre-Collectors of the Skin Stuttgart,Thieme,1985.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Rhodin JAG. The Lymphatic System. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Aukland K, Reed RK. Interstitial-lymphatic mechanisms in the control of extracellular volume. Physiol. Rev, 73 (1993) 1–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ferguson MK, DeFilippi VJ, Reeder LB. Characterization of contractile properties of porcine mesenteric and tracheobronchial lymphatic smooth muscle. Lymphology, 27 (1994) 71–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sabin FR. The lymphatic system in human embryos, with a consideration of the morphology of the system as a whole. Am. J. Anat, 9 (1909) 43–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hobson B, Denekamp J. Endothelial proliferation in tumours and normal tissues: Continuous labelling studies. Br. J. Cancer, 49 (1984) 405–413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Van Der Putte SC. The development of the lymphatic system in man. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell. Biol, 51 (1975) 3–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Yoffey JM, Courtic FC. Lymphatics, Lymph, and the Lymphomyeloid complex. Academic Press, New York, NY, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kukk E, Lymboussaki A, Taira S et al. VEGF-C receptor binding and pattern of expression with VEGFR-3 suggests a role in lymphatic vascular development. Development, 122 (1996) 3829–3837.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kaipainen A, Korhonen J, Mustonen T et al. Expression of the fms-like tyrosine kinase 4 gene becomes restricted to lymphatic endothelium during development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92 (1995) 3566–3570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jeltsch M, Kaipainen A, Joukov V et al. Hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in VEGF-C transgenic mice. Science, 276 (1997) 1423–1425.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Dumont DJ, Jussila L, Taipale J, et al. Cardiovascular failure in mouse embrys deficient in VEGF receptor-3. Science, 282 (1998) 946–949.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wigle JT, Oliver G. Proxl function is required for the development of the murine lymphatic system. Cell, 98 (1999) 769–778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. MacDonald TT, Spencer J. Ontogeny of the gut-associated lymphoid system in man. Acta Paediatr. Suppl, 395 (1994) 3–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Prinhdull G, Ahmad M. The ontogeny of the gut mucosal immune system and the susceptibility to infections in infants of developing countries. Eur. J. Pediatr, 152 (1993) 786–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Von Gaudecker B, Muller-Hermelink HK. The development of the human tonsilla palatina. Cell Tissue Res, 224 (1982) 579–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kyriazis AA, Esterly JR. Fetal and neonatal development of lymphoid tissues. Arch. Pathol, 91 (1971) 444 451.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Perkki M, Savilahti E. Time of appearance of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the mucosa of the neonatal intestine. Pediatr. Res, 14 (1980) 953–955.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Chandra RK. Serum complement and immunoconglutin in malnutrition. Arch. Dis. Child, 50 (1975) 225–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chandra RK. Nutritional deficiency and susceptibility to infection. Bul. World Health Organ, 57 (1979) 167–177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. McMurray DN, Rey H, Casazza LJ, Watson RR. Effect of moderate malnutrition on concentrations of immunoglobulins and enzymes in tears and saliva of young Colombian children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 30 (1977) 1944–1948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sirisinha S, Suskind R, Edelmann R, Asvapaka C, Olson RE. Secretory and serum IgA in children with protein-calorie malnutrition. Pediatrics, 55 (1975) 166–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Lim PL, Rowley D. The effect of antibody on the intestinal absorption of macromolecules and on intestinal permeability in adult mice. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol, 68 (1982) 41–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Swarbrick ET, Stokes CR, Soothill JF. Absorption of antigens after oral immunization and the simultaneous induction of specific systemic tolerance. Gut, 20 (1979) 121–125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Walker WA, Isselbacher KJ. Uptake and transport of macromolecules by the intestine: Possible role in clinical disorders. Gastroenterology, 67 (1974) 531–550.

    Google Scholar 

  38. MacDonald TT. The role of activated T lymphocytes in gastrointestinal disease. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 20 (1990) 247–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Selby WS, Janossy G, Bofill M, Jewell DP. Intestinal lymphocyte subpopulations in inflammatory bowel disease: an analysis by immunohistological and cell isolation techniques. Gut, 25 (1984) 32–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Drake RE, Teague RA, Gabel JC. Lymphatic drainage reduces intestinal edema and fluid loss. Lymphology, 31 (1998) 68–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Phillips SF. Diarrhea: a current view of the pathophysiology. Gastroenterology, 63 (1972) 495–518.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Powell DW. Intestinal water and electrolyte transport. Physiol. Gastrointest. Tract, 2 (1987) 1267–1305.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Van Weerden EJ. The osmotic pressure and concentration of some solutes of the intestinal contents and faeces of the cow, in relation to the absorption of the minerals. J. Agricul. Sci, 56 (1961) 317–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. McKie AT, Goecke IA, Naftalin RJ. Comparison of fluid absorption by bovine and ovine descending colon in vitro. Am. J. Physiol, 261 (1991) G433 - G442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. McKie AT, Powrie W, Naftalin RJ. Mechanical aspects of rabbit fecal dehydration. Am. J. Physiol, 258 (1990) G391 - G394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Pedley KC, Naftalin RJ. Evidence from fluorescence microscopy and comparative studies that rat, ovine, and bovine colonic crypts are absorptive. J. Physiol, 460 (1993) 525–547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Zammit PS, Mendizabal M, Naftalin RJ. Effects on fluid and Na+ flux of varying luminal hydraulic resistance in rat colon in vivo. J. Physiol, 477 (1994) 539–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Edmonds CJ, Marriott JC. The effect of aldosterone and adrenalectomy on the electrical potential difference of rat colon and on the transport of sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate. J. Endocrinol, 39 (1967) 517–531.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Clauss W. Segmental action of aldosterone on water and electrolyte transport across rabbit colon in vivo. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 81 (1985) 873–877.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Sellin JH, Oyarzabal H, Cragoe EJ. Electrogenic sodium absorption in rabbit cecum in vivo. J. Clin. Invest,81(1988)1275–1283.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Sellin JH, DeSoignie R. Rabbit proximal colon-a distinct transport epithelium. Am. J. Physiol, 246 (1984) G603 - G610.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Fromm M. Hegelion fluxes and zero flux limiting concentrations in rat upper colon and rectum during anesthesia-induced aldosterone liberation. Pflugers Arch, 408 (1987) 185–193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Turnamian SG, Binder HJ. Aldosterone and glucocorticoid receptor-specific agonists regulate ion-transport in rat proximal colon. Am. J. Physiol, 258 (1990) G492 - G498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Naftalin RJ, Zammit PS, Pedley KC. Regional differences in rat large intestinal crypt function in relation to dehydrating capacity in vivo. J. Physiol, 514 (1999) 201–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Bleakman D, Naftalin RJ. Hypertonic fluid absorption from rat descending colon in vitro. Am. J. Physiol, 258 (1990) G377 - G390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Naftalin RJ, Pedley KC. Regional crypt function in rat large intestine in relation to fluid absorption and growth of the pericryptal sheath. J. Physiol, 514 (1999) 211–227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Singh SK, Binder HJ, Boron WF, Geibel JP. Fluid absorption in isolated perfused colonic crypts. J. Clin. Invest, 96 (1995) 2373–2379.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Skinner SA, O’Brien PE. The microvascular structure of the normal colon in rats and humans. J. Surg. Res, 61 (1996) 482–490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Araki K, Furuya Y, Kobayashi M, Matsuura K, Ogata T, Isozaki H. Comparison of mucosal microvasculature between the proximal and distal human colon. J. Elec. Microsc, 45 (1996) 202–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Li B, Silver I, Szalai JP, Johnston MG. Pressure-volume relationships in sheep mesenteric lymphatic vessels in situ: response to hypovolemia. Microvasc. Res, 56 (1998) 127–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Benoit JN, Zawieja DC, Goodman AH, Granger HJ. Characterization of intact mesenteric lymphatic pump and its responsiveness to acute edemagenic stress. Am. J. Physiol, 257 (1989) H2059 - H2069.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hayashi A, Johnston MG, Nelson W, Hamilton S, McHale NG. Increased intrinsic pumping activity of intestinal lymphatics following hemorrhage in anesthetized sheep. Circ. Res, 60 (1987) 265–272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. McHale NG, Adair TH. Reflex modulation of lymphatic pumping in sheep. Circ. Res, 64 (1989) 1165–1171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Elias R, Johnston MG. Modulation of lymphatic pumping by lymph-borne factors after endotoxin administration in sheep. J. Appl. Physiol, 68 (1990) 199–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Boulanger BR, Lloyd SJ, Walker M, Johnston MG. Intrinsic pumping of mesenteric lymphatics is increased after hemorrhage in awake sheep. Circ. Shock, 43 (1994) 95–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Benoit JN, Zawieja DC. Effects of f-Met-Leu-Phe-induced inflammation on intestinal lymph flow and lymphatic pump behavior. Am. J. Physiol, 262 (1992) G199 - G202.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kirkpatrick CT, McHale NG. Electrical and mechanical activity of isolated lymphatic vessels. J. Physiol, 272 (1977) 33P - 34 P.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Allen JM, McHale NG, Rooney BM. Effect of norepinephrine on contractility of isolated mesenteric lymphatics. Am. J. Physiol, 244 (1983) H479 - H486.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Van Helden DF. Pacemaker potentials in lymphatic smooth muscle of the guinea-pig mesentery. J. Physiol, 471 (1993) 465–479.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Der Weid PY, Van Helden DF. Functional electrical properties of the endothelium in lymphatic vessels of the guinea-pig mesentery. Am. J. Physiol, 504 (1997) 439–451.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Der Weid PY. ATP-sensitive K+ channels in smooth muscle cells of guinea-pig mesenteric lymphatics: role in nitric oxide and b-adrenoceptor agonist-induced hyperpolarizations. Br. J. Pharmacol, 125 (1998) 17–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Mizuno R, Ono N, Ohhashi T. Involvement of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in spontaneous activity of isolated lymph microvessels in rats. Am. J. Physiol, 277 (1999) H1453 - H1456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Cotton KD, Hollywood MA, McHale NG, Thronbury KD. Outward currents in smooth muscle cells isolated from sheep mesenteric lymphatics. J. Physiol, 503 (1997) 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Atchison DJ, Rodela H, Johnston MG. Intracellular calcium stores modulation in lymph vfessels depends on wall stretch. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol, 76 (1998) 367–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Atchison DJ, Johnston MG. Role of extra-and intracellular Cat+ in the lymphatic myogenic response. Am..1. Physiol, 272 (1997) R326 - R333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Mizuno RA, Dornyei G, Koller A, Kaley G. Myogenic responses of isolated lymphatics: modulation by endothelium. Microcirculation, 4 (1997) 413–420.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Azuma T, Ohhashi T, Roddie IC. Bradykinin-induced contractions of bovine mesenteric lymphatics. J. Physiol, 342 (1983) 217–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mahe L, Chapelain B, Neliat G, Gargouil YM. The role of a-and I3-adrenoceptors in the response to noradrenaline of lymphatic vessels isolated from the bovine mesentery. Eur..1. Pharmacol, 167 (1989) 31–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Watanabe N, Kawai Y, Ohhashi T. Demonstration of both 31- and (32-adrenoceptors mediating negative chronotropic effects on spontaneous activity in isolated bovine mesenteric lymphatics. Microvasc. Res, 39 (1990) 50–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Mahe L, Chapelain B, Gargouil YM, Neliat G. Characterization of ß-Adrenoceptor subtypes and indications for two cell populations in isolated bovine mesenteric lymphatic vessels. Eur. J. Pharmacol, 199 (1991) 19–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Ikomi F, Kawai Y, Ohhashi T. Beta-1 and beta-2 adrenoceptors mediate smooth muscle relaxation in bovine isolated mesenteric lymphatics. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther, 259 (1991) 365–370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Allen JM, McCarron JG, McHale NG, Thornbury KD. ß-Adrenoceptor-mediated facilitation of [3H]-noradrenaline release from the intramural nerves of bovine mesenteric lymphatic vessels. Br. J. Pharmacol, 96 (1989) 45–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Ferguson MK, Shahinian HK, Michelassi F. Lymphatic smooth muscle responses to leukotrienes, histamine, and platelet activating factor. J. Surg. Res, 44 (1988) 172–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Bohlen HG, Lash JM. Intestinal lymphatic vessels release endothelial-dependent vasodilators. Am. J. Physiol, 262 (1992) H813 - H818.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Powell DW. Barrier function of epithelia. Am. J. Physiol, 241 (1981) G275 - G288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Koyama Y, Yamamoto T, Tani T et al. Expression and localization of aquaporins in rat gastrointestinal tract. Am. J. Physiol, 276 (1999) C621 - C627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Brace RA, Taylor AE, Guyton AC. Time course of lymph protein concentration in the dog. Microvasc. Res, 14 (1977) 243–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Casley-Smith JR. Protein concentrations in regions with fenestrated and continuous blood capilaries and in initial and collecting lymphatics. Anthol. Med. Santoriana, 12 (1972) 245–257.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Casley-Smit JR. The functioning and interrelationships of blood capillaries and lymphatics. Experentia, 32 (1976) 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Casley-Smith JR. The concentrating of proteins in the initial lymphatics and their rediluting in the collecting lymphatics. Anthol. Med. Santoriana, 25 (1977) 81–99.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Casley-Smith JR. A fine structural study of variations in protein concentration in lacteals during compression and relaxation. Lymphology, 12 (1978) 59–65.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Hargens AR, Tucher BJ, Blantz RC. Renal lymph protein in the rat. Am. J. Physiol, 233 (1977) F269 - F273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rusznyak I, Foldi M, Szabo G. In Lymphatics and Lymph Circulation; Physiology and Pathology. Youlten L (ed.), Oxford, New York, NY, 1967, pp. 220–225.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Vriem CE, Snashall PD, Demling RH, Staub NC. Lung lymph and free interstitial fluid protein composition in sheep with edema. Am. J. Physiol, 230 (1976) 1650–1653.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Allen L. Volume and pressure changes in terminal lymphatics. Am. J. Physiol, 123 (1938) 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Allen L, Vogt E. A mechanism of lymphatic absorption from serous cavities. Am. J. Physiol, 119 (1937) 776–782.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Casley-Smith JR. The function of the lymphatic system under normal and pathological conditions: its dependence on the fine structure and permeability of the vessels. In Progress in Lymphology. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lymphology. xvi, 425, Ruttimann A (ed.), Stuttgart, Thieme, 1967, pp. 348–359.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Clough G, Smaje LH. Simultaneous measurement of pressure in the intertittium and the terminal lymphatics of the cat mesentery. J. Physiol. (Lond), 283 (1978) 457–468.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hogan RD. The initial lymphatics and interstitial fluid pressure. In Tissue Fluid Pressure and Composition, Williams and Wilkens, Baltimore, MD, 1981, pp. 155–163.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Leak LV, Burke JF. Ultrastructural studies on the lymphatic and the anchoring filaments. J. Cell Biol, 36 (1968) 129–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. McMaster PD. The relative pressures within cutaneous lymphatic capillaries and the tissues. J. Exp. Med, 86 (1947) 293–308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Nicolaysen G, Staub NC. Time course of albumin equilibration in interstitium and lymph of normal mouse lyngs. Microvasc. Res, 9 (1975) 29–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Nicoll PA, Hogan RD. Pressures associated with lymphatic capillary contraction. Microvasc. Res, 15 (1978) 257–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Rutili G, Arfors KE. Protein concentration in interstitial and lymphatic fluids from the subcutaneous tissue. Acta Physiol. Scand, 99 (1977) 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Taylor AE, Gibson WH, Granger HJ, Guyton AC. The interaction between intrecapillary and tissue forces in the overall regulation of interstitial fluid volume. Lymphology, 6 (1972) 192–208.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Wiederhielm CA, Weston BV. Microvascular, lymphatic, and tissue pressures in the unanesthetized mammal. Am. J. Physiol, 225 (1973) 992–996.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Zawieja DC, Barber BJ. Lymph protein concentration in initial and collecting lymphatics of the rat. Am. J. Physiol, 252 (1987) G602 - G606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Bernard A, Echinard B, Carlier H. Differential intestinal absorption of two fatty acid isomers: elaidic and oleic acids. Am. J. Physiol, 253 (1987) G751 - G759.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Astler VB, Coller F. The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann. Surg, 139 (1954) 846–851.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Dukes CE, Bussey HJ. The spread of rectal cancer and its effect on prognosis. Br. J. Surg, 12 (1958) 309–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Spiessl B, Hermanek P, Scheibe O, Wagner G (eds.). TNM Atlas: Illustrated Guide to the TNM/pTNMClassification of Malignant Tumours. 2nd ed., xiii, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York, NY, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Chapuis PH, Dent OF, Fisher R. A multivariate analysis of clinical and pathological variables in prognosis after resection of large bowel cancer. Br. J. Surg, 72 (1985) 698–702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Jass JR, Atkin WS, Cuzick J. The grading of rectal cancer: historical perspectives and a multivariate analysis of 447 cases. Histopathology, 10 (1986) 437–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. American Joint Committee on Cancer. Manual of Staging of Cancer. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Lindmark G, Gerdin B, Pahlman L, Bergstrom R, Glimelius B. Prognostic predictors in colorectal cancer. Dis. Colon Rectum, 37 (1994) 1219–1227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Cohen AM, Tremiterra S, Candela F, Thaler HT, Sigurdson ER. Prognosis of node-positive colon cancer. Cancer, 67 (1991) 1859–1861.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Brodsky JT, Richard GK, Cohen AM, Minsky BD. Variables correlated with the risk of lymph node metastasis in early rectal cancer. Cancer, 69 (1992) 322–326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Tang R, Wang JY, Tsao KC, Ho YS. Lymphangiosis as a predictor of outcome in patients with primary diffusely infiltrative adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum. Arch. Surg, 134 (1999) 157–160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Shah V, Kumar S, Zirvi KA. Metastasis of human colon tumor cells in vivo: correlation with the overexperssion of plasminogen activators and 72 kDa gelatinase. In Vivo, 8 (1994) 321–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Laferte S, Prokopishyn NL, Moyana T, Bird RP. Monoclonal antibody recognizing a determinant on type 2 chain blood group A and B oligosaccharides detects oncodevelopmental changes in azoxymethane-induced rat colon tumors and hyman colon cancer cell lines. J. Cell. Biochem, 57 (1995) 101–119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Saurin JC, Rouault JP, Abello J, Berger F, Remy L, Chayvialle JA. High gastrin releasing peptide receptor mRNA level is related to tumour dedifferentiation and lymphatic vessel invasion in human colon cancer. Eur. J. Canc, 35 (1999) 125–132.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Kubens BS, Zanker KS. Differences in the migration capacity of primary human colon carcinoma cells (SW480) and their lymph node metastatic derivatives (SW620). Cancer Lett, 131 (1998) 55–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Bertrand P, Girard N, Delpech B, Duval C, d’ Anjou J, Dauce JP. Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) and hyaluronectin in the extracellular matrix of hyman breast carcinomas: comparison between invasive and noninvasive areas. Int. J. Cancer, 52 (1992) 1–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. de la Torre M, Wells AF, Bergh J, Lindgren A. Localization of hyaluronan in normal breast tissue, radial scar, and tubular breast carcinoma. Hum. Pathol, 24 (1993) 1294–1297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Knudson W, Biswas C, Toole BP. Interactions between human tumor cells and fibroblasts stimulate hyaluronic acid synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81 (1984) 6767–6771.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Pauli BU, Knudson W. Tumor invasion: a consequence of destructive and compositional matrix alterations. Hum. Pathol, 19 (1988) 628–639.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Tokyay R, Zeigler ST, Loick HM, et al. Mesenteric lymphadenectomy prevents postburn systemic spread of translocated bacteria. Arch. Surg, 127 (1992) 384–388.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Sari AJ, Rush BF, Lysz TW, Smith S, Machiedo GW. The gut as source of sepsis after hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Surg, 155 (1988) 187–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Maejima K, Deitch EA, Berg RD. Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tracts of rats receiveing thermal injury. Infect. Immun, 43 (1984) 6–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Magnotti Li, Upperman JS, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Deitch EA. Gut-derived mesenteric lymph but not portal blood increases endothelial cell permeability and promotes lung injury after hemorrhagic shock. Ann. Surg, 228 (1998) 518–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Upperman JS, Deitch EA, Guo W, Lu Q, Xu DZ. Post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph is cytotoxic to endothelial cells and activates neutrophils. Shock, 10 (1998) 407–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Deitch EA, Berg RD. Endotoxin but not malnutrition promotes bacterial translocation of the gut flora in burned mice. J. Trauma, 27 (1987) 161–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Deitch EA, Maejima K, Berg R. Effect of oral antibiotics and bacterial overgrowth on the translocation of the GI tract microflora in burned rats. J. Trauma, 25 (1985) 385–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Alverdy JC, Aoys E, Moss GS. Total parenteral nutrition promotes bacterial translocation from the gut. Surgery, 104 (1988) 185–190.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Deitch EA. Simple intestinal obstruction causes bacterial translocation in man. Arch. Surg, 124 (1989) 699–701.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Guzman-Stein G, Bonsack M, Liberty J, Delaney JP. Abdominal radiation causes bacterial translocation. J. Surg. Res, 46 (1989) 104–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Tancrede CH, Andremont AO. Bacterial translocation and gram-negative bacteremia in patients with hematological malignancies. J. Infect. Dis, 152 (1985) 99–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Wells CL, Rotstein OD, Pruett TL, Simmons RL. Intestinal bacteria translocate into experimental intra-abdominal abscesses. Arch. Surg, 121 (1986) 102–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Magnotti LJ, Xu DZ, Lu Q, Deitch EA. Gut-derived mesenteric lymph: a link between burn and lung injury. Arch. Surg, 134 (1999) 1333–1341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Deitch EA, Winterton J, Berg R. Thermal injury promotes bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract in mice with impaired T-cell-mediated immunity. Arch. Surg, 121 (1986) 97–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Tomono K. Etiology of sepsis occurring in the immunocompromised host and its prevention,1: analysis fo the bacterial portal of entrance in experimental mice with vacteremia. Kansenshogaku Zasshi, 63 (1991) 479–488.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Deitch EA, Bridges WM, Ma JW, Ma L, Berg RD, Specian RD. Obstructed intestine as a reservoir for systemic infection. Am. J. Surg, 211 (1990) 399–405.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Jones W, Minei JP, Barber AE. Bacterial translocation and intestinal atrophy after thermal injury and burn wound sepsis. Ann. Surg, 211 (1990) 399–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Morris SE, Navaratnam N, Herndon DN. A comparison of effects of thermal injury and smoke inhalation on bacterial translocation. J. Trauma, 30 (1990) 639–643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Maejima K, Deitch E, Berg R. Promotion by burn stress of the translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestin tracts of mice. Arch. Surg, 119 (1984) 166–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Carter EA, Tomkins RG, Yarmush ML, Walker WA, Burke JF. Redistribution of blood flow after thermal injury and hemorrhagic shock. J. Appl. Physiol, 65 (1988) 1782–1788.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Ziegler TR, Smith RJ, O’Dwyer ST, Demling RH, Wilmore DW. Increased intestinal permeability associated wtih infection in burn patients. Arch. Surg, 123 (1988) 1313–1319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Faist E, Storck M, Ertel W, and Meves A. Shock, Sepsis, and Organ Failure First Wiggers Bernard Conference. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, 1990, pp. 307–328.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  149. Sibbons P, Spitz L, van Valzen D. The role of lymphatics in the pathogenesis of pneumatosis in experimental bowel ischemia. J. Pediatr. Surg, 27 (1992) 339–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. O’Leary AD, Sweeney EC. Lymphoglandular complexes of the colon: structure and distribution. Histopathology, 10 (1986) 267–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Haggitt RC. Granulomatous diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In Pathology of Granulomas. Ioachim HL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, NY, 1983, pp. 257–305.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Fleming MP, Carlson HC. Submucosal lymphatic cysts of the gastrointestinal tract: a rare cause of a submucosal mass lesion. Am. J. Roentgenol, 110 (1970) 842–845.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Geboes K, Wolf-Peeters C, Rutgeerts P, Vantrappen G, Desmet V. Submucosal tumors of the colon: experience with twenty-five cases. Dis. Col. Rectum, 21 (1978) 420–425.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Okamoto J, Sasaki T, Staake Y. Non-epithelial tumors of the large intestine. Gastrointest. Endosc, 31 (1989) 866–871.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Hara K, Kanazawa K, Yamashiro M. Non-epithelial benign tumors of the colon. J. Jpn. Soc. Coloproctol, 30 (1977) 498–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Stuart M, Bursle G. Lymphatic cyst of the descending colon: a report of a case. Aust. N. Z. J. Surg, 50 (1980) 186–189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Kuramoto S, Sakai S, Tsuda K. Lymphangioma of the large intestine: report of a case. Dis. Col. Rectum, 31 (1989) 900–905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Matsumoto T, Matsumoto F, Hashimoto N. A case of lymphangioma coexistent with tubular adenoma in the descending colon and a review of the literature. Dig. Endosc, 5 (1993) 277–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Girdwood TG, Phillips LD. Lymphatic cysts of the colon. Gut, 12 (1971) 933–935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Matsui A, Okajimi K, Ishii M. Lymphangioma of the cecum with intussusception-a case report and review of the literature. Nippon Rinsho Geka Igakkai Zasshi, 47 (1985) 234–239.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Fujumoto S, Imaoka T, Suou T. Cystic lymphangioma of the cecum-a report of a case and a review of the literature. Yonago Acta Med, 25 (1981) 28–33.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Nagle R. Lymphangiomatous hamartoma with intussusception of the caput caeci. Br. J. Surg, 55 (1968) 879–880.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Lam A, Ternberg JL. Cystic lymphangioma of the cecum with ileal intussusception-case report. Am. Surg, 41 (1975) 648–649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Corman ML, Haggitt RC. Lymphangioma of the rectum: report of a case. Dis. Col. Rectum, 16 (1973) 524–529.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Zilko PJ, Lawerance BH, Sheiner H, Pollard J. Cystic lymphangiomyoma of the colon causing a protein-losing enteropathy. Dig. Dis, 20 (1975) 1076–1080.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Kato S, Asakura H, Miura S. A case of localized colonic lymphangiectasia associated with a protein depletion syndrome. Jpn. J. Gastroenterol, 82 (1985) 765–770.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Beahrs OH, Judd ES, Dockerty MB. Chylous cysts of the abdomen. Surg. Clin. N. Am,30 (1950)1081–1097.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Yamamoto J, Matsumoto K, Furuya T. Lymphangioma of the ascending colon. J. Clin. Gastroenterol, 11 (1989) 598–599.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Poulos JE, Presti ME, Phillips N, Longo WE. Presentation and management of lymphatic cyst of the colon. Report of a case. Dis. Colon Rectum, 40 (1997) 366–369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Arnett NL, Friedman PS. Lymphangioma of the colon: roentgen aspects: a case report. Radiology, 67 (1956) 882–885.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Fujimura Y, Nishishita C, Lida M, Jajihara Y. Lymphangioma of the colon diagnosed with an endoscopie ultrasound probe and dynamic CT. Gastrointest. Endosc, 41 (1995) 252–254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Meinke AH, Estes NC, Ernst CB. Chylous ascites following abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy: Management with total parenteral hyperalimentation. Ann. Surg, 190 (1979) 631–633.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Savlov ED. Chylous ascites following retroperitoneal lymph node dissection successfully treated with peritoneovenous shunting. J. Surg. Oncol, 36 (1987) 228–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Fleisher HL, Oren JW, Sumner DS. Chylous ascites after abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy: successful management with a peritoneovenous shunt. J. Vasc. Surg, 6 (1987) 403–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Leport J, Devars D, Mayne JF, Hay JM, Cerf M. Chylous ascites and encapsulating peritonitis: unusual complications of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol, 82 (1987) 463–466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Segal R, Waron M, Reif R, Zecler E. Chylous ascites and chylothorax as presenting manifestations of stomach carcinoma. Isr. J. Med. Sci, 22 (1986) 897–899.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Allen W, Parrott TS, Saripkin L, Allan C. Chylous ascites following retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for granulosa cell tumor of the testis. J. Urol, 135 (1986) 797–798.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Sarazin WG, Sauter KE. Chylous ascites following resection of a ruptured abdominal aneurysm: treatment with a peritoneovenous shunt. Arch. Surg, 121 (1986) 246–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Sipes SL, Newton M, Lurain JR. Chylous ascites: a sequel of pelvic radiation therapy. Obstet. Gynecol, 66 (1985) 832–835.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Savrin RA, High R. Chylous ascites after abdominal aortic surgery. Surgery, 98 (1985) 866–869.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Ferrigni RG, Novicki DE. Chylous ascites complicating genitourinary oncological surgery. J. Urol, 134 (1985) 774–746.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Varma JS. Acute chylous ascites with carcinoid of the pancreas. Scott. Med. J, 30 (1985) 111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Humayun HM, Daugirdas JT, Ing TS, Leehey DJ, Gandhi VC, Popli S. Chylous ascites in a patient treated with intermittent peritoneal dialysis. Artif. Organs, 8 (1984) 358–360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Rector WG. Spontaneous chylous ascites of cirrhosis. J. Clin. Gastroenterol, 6 (1984) 369–372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Jansen TT, Debruyne FM, Delaere KP, de Vries JD. Chylous ascites after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Urology, 23 (1984) 565–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Selli C, Carini M, Mottola A, Barbagli G. Chylous ascites after retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy: successful management with peritoneovenous shunting. Urol. Int, 39 (1984) 58–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Blalock A, Robinson CS, Cunningham RS. Experimental studies on lymphatic blockage. Arch. Surg, 34 (1937) 1049–1071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Press OW, Press NO, Kaufman SD. Evaluation and management of chylous ascites. Ann. Intern. Med, 96 (1982) 358–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Fuss IJ, Strober W, Cuccherini BA et al. Intestinal lymphangiectasia, a disease characterized by selective loss of naive CD45RA+ lymphocytes into the gastrointestinal tract. Eur. J. Immunol, 28 (1998) 4275–4285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Waldmann TA. Protein-losing enteropathy. Gastroenterology, 50 (1966) 422–443.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Strober W, Wochner RD, Carbone PP, Waldmann TA. Intestinal lymphangiectasia: a protein-losing enteropathy with hypogammaglobulinemia, lymphocytopenia and impaired homograft rejection. J. Clin. Invest, 46 (1967) 1643–1656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Kinmonth JB, Cox SJ. Protein-losing enteropathy in primary lymphoedema: mesenteric lymphography and gut resection. Br. J. Surg, 61 (1974) 589–593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Levine C. Primary disorders of lymphatic vessels-a unified concept. J. Pediatr. Surg, 24 (1989) 233–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Hennekam RC, Geerdink RA, Hamel BC et al. Autosomal recessive intestinal lymphangiectasia and lymphedema with facial anomalies and mental retardation. Am. J. Med. Genet, 34 (1989) 593–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Mucke J, Hoepffner W, Scheerschmidt G, Gornig H, Beyreiss K. Early onset lymphedema, recessive forma new form of genetic lymphoedema syndrome. Eur. J. Pediatr, 145 (1986) 195–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Wilkinson P, Pinto B, Senior JR. Reversible protein-losing enteropathy with intestinal lymphangiectasia secondary to chronic constrictive pericarditis. N. Engl. J. Med, 273 (1965) 1178–1181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Broder S, Callihan TR, Jaffe ES et al. Resolution of longstanding protein-losing enteropathy in a patient with intestinal lymphangiectasia after treatment for malignant lymphoma. Gastroenterology, 80 (1981) 166–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Takagi S, Oshimi K, Sumiya M, Gonda N, Kano S, Takaku F. Protein-losing enteropathy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Am. J. Gastroenterol, 3 (1983) 152–154.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Warshaw AL, Waldmann TA, Laster L. Protein-losing enteropathy and malabsorption in regional enteritis: cure by limited ileal resection. Ann. Surg, 178 (1973) 578–580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Weiden PL, Blaese RM, Strober W, Block JB, Waldman TA. Impaired lymphocyte transformation in intestinal lymphangiectasia: evidence for at least two functionally distinct lymphocyte populations in man. J. Clin. Invest, 51 (1972) 1319–1325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Stacey A. Weiland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yang K. Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Timothy R. Koch MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weiland, S.A., Chen, Y.K. (2003). Colonic Lymphatics. In: Koch, T.R. (eds) Colonic Diseases. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-314-9_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-314-9_9

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9740-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-314-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation