Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. For the year 2000, an estimated 130,200 new cases will be diagnosed (93,800 colon cancers and 36,400 rectal cancers) with 56,300 deaths expected in that year. Colorectal cancer accounts for 11% of all cancer deaths in the United States (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] 2000 data, see Website: www.seer.cancer.gov). Of note, incidence rates declined by 2.1% between 1992 and 1996, and recent data suggest that mortality rates for colorectal cancer may also be declining. These trends may be attributable to increased screening efforts, “prophylactic polypectomy,” and improved adjuvant therapies and should bolster even greater efforts in detection, prevention, and treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Cohen AM, Minsky B, Schilsky RL. Cancer of the colon. Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology. 5th ed., DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg S. (eds.), Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, 1997.
Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N. Engl. J. Med., 319 (1988) 525–532.
Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, O’Brien MJ, et al. Randomized comparison of surveillance intervals after colonoscopic removal of newly diagnosed adenomatous polyps. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N. Engl. J. Med., 328 (1993) 901–906.
Houlston RS, Collins A, Slack J, et al. Dominant genes for colorectal cancer are not rare. Ann. Hum. Genet., 56 (1992) 99–103.
Giovannucci E, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al., A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of colorectal adenoma and colorectal cancer in U.S. men. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 86 (1994) 183–191.
Slattery ML, Edwards SL, Boucher KM, Anderson K, Caan BJ, et al. Lifestyle and colon cancer: an assessment of factors associated with risk. Am. J. Epidemiol., 150 (1999) 869–877.
Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary fiber and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women. N. Engl. J. Med., 340 (1999) 169–176.
Imperiali G, Minoli G. Colonic neoplasm in asymptomatic patients with family history of colon cancer: results of a colonoscopic prospective and controlled study. Results of a pilot study of endoscopic screening of first degree relatives of colorectal cancer patients in Italy. Gastrointest. Endosc., 49 (1999) 132–133.
Lynch HT, Lynch J. Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: an updated review. Gastroenterology, 104 (1993) 1535–1549.
Lynch HT, Smyrk TC, Lanspa SJ, et al. Upper gastrointestinal manifestations in families with hereditary flat adenoma syndrome. Cancer, 71 (1993) 2709–2714.
Vogelstein B. Genetic testings for cancer: the surgeon’ s critical role. In 26th Annula Meeting of the American College of Surgeons. Elsevier Science, Baltimore, MD, 1998.
Lynch PM, Wargovich MJ, Lynch HT, et al. A follow-up study of colonic epithelial proliferation as a biomarker ina Native-American family with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 83 (1991) 951–954.
Leach FS, Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulas N, et al. Mutations of a mutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell, 75 (1993) 1215–1225.
Bronner CE, Baker SM, Morrison PT, et al. Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologue hMLH1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature, 368 (1994) 258–261.
August DA, Ottow RT, Sugarbaker PH. Clinical perspective of human colorectal cancer metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 3 (1984) 303–324.
Mandel JS, Bond JH, Bradley M, et al. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictivity of the Hemoccult test in screening for colorectal cancers. The University of Minnesota’s Colon Cancer Control Study. Gastroenterology, 97 (1989) 597–600.
Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota Colon Cancer Control Study. N. Engl. J. Med., 328 (1993) 1365–1371.
Kewenter J. [Does screening influence mortality of colorectal cancer?]. Lakartidningen,88 (1991) 601–602.
Ransohoff DF, Lang CA. Screening for colorectal cancer with the fecal occult blood test: a background paper. American College of Physicians. Ann. Intern. Med., 126 (1997) 811–822.
Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Bond JH, Ahnen DJ, Garewall H, Chejfec G. Use of colonoscopy to screen asymptomatic adults for colorectal cancer. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group 380. N. Engl. J. Med., 343 (2000) 162–168.
Toribara NW, Sleisenger MH. Screening for colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 332 (1995) 861–867.
Lynch HT, Lynch JF. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndromes I & II). Genetics, pathology, natural history, and cancer control, Part I. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 53 (1991) 143–160.
Bruckner HW, Pitrelli J, Merrick M. Cancer Medicine. 5th ed., Bast R. (ed.), B.C. Decker, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 2000.
Wexner SD, Cohen SM, Johansen OB, Nogueras JJ, Jagelman DG. Laparoscopie colorectal surgery: a prospective assessment and current perspective. Br. J. Surg., 80 (1993) 1602–1605.
Crane CH, Janjan NA, Abbruzzese JL, et al. Effective pelvic symptom control using initial chemoradiation without colostomy in metastatic rectal cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 49 (2001) 107–116.
Minsky BD, Cohen AM, Kemeny M, et al. Combined modality therapy of rectal cancer: decreased acute toxicity with the preoperative approach. J. Clin. Oncol., 10 (1992) 1218–1224.
Janjan NA, Crane CN, Feig BW, et al. Prospective trial of preoperative concomitant boost radiotherapy with continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil for locally advanced rectal cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.,47 (2000)713–718.
Wolmark N, Wieand S, Rockette HE, et al., The prognostic significance of tumor location and bowel obstruction in Dukes B and C colorectal cancer. Findings from the NSABP clinical trials. Ann. Surg., 198 (1983) 743–752.
Wolmark N, Rockette H, Wickerham DL, et al. Adjuvant therapy of Dukes’ A, B, and C adenocarcinoma of the colon with portal-vein fluorouracil hepatic infusion: preliminary results of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol C-02. J. Clin. Oncol., 8 (1990) 1466–1475.
Mamounas E, Wieand S, Wolmark N, et al. Comparative efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Dukes’ B versus Dukes’ C colon cancer: results from four National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project adjuvant studies (C-01, C-02, C-03, and C-04). J. Clin. Oncol., 17 (1999) 1349–1355.
Wolmark N, Rockette H, Mamanas E, et al. Clinical trial to assess the relative efficacy of fluorouracil and leucovorin, fluorouracil and levamisole, and fluorouracil, leucovorin, and levamisole in patients with Dukes’ B and C carcinoma of the colon: results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project C-04. J. Clin. Oncol., 17 (1999) 3553–3559.
Poon MA, O’Connell MJ, Wienad HS, et al. Biochemical modulation of fluorouracil with leucovorin: confirmatory evidence of improved therapeutic efficacy in advanced colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., (1991) 9 1967–1972.
Moore HC, Haller DG. Adjuvant therapy of colon cancer. Semin. Oncol., 26 (1999) 545–555.
NIH. NIH consensus conference. Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. JAMA, 264 (1990) 1444–1450.
GTSG. Prolongation of the disease-free interval in surgically treated rectal carcinoma. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 312 (1985) 1465–1472.
O’Connell MJ, martenson JA, Wieand HS, et al. Improving adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer by combining protracted-infusion fluorouracil with radiation therapy after curative surgery. N. Engl. J. Med., 331 (1994) 502–507.
Weiss L, Grundmann E, Torhorst J, et al. Haematogenous metastatic patterns in colonic carcinoma: an analysis of 1541 necropsies. J. Pathol., 150 (1986) 195–203.
Lorenz M, Muller HH. Randomized, multicenter trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin administered either via hepatic arterial or intravenous infusion versus fluorodeoxyuridine administered via hepatic arterial infusion in patients with nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 18 (2000) 243–254.
Ambiru S, Miyazaki M, Ito H, Nakagawa K, Shimizu H, Nakajima N. Adjuvant regional chemotherapy after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Br. J. Surg., 86 (1999) 1025–1031.
Kemeny N, Huang Y, Cohen AM, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion of chemotherapy after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 341 (1999) 2039–2048.
NGTATG. Expectancy or primary chemotherapy in patients with advanced asymptomatic colorectal cancer: a randomized trial. Nordic Gastrointestinal Tumor Adjuvant Therapy Group. J. Clin. Oncol., 10 (1992) 904–911.
Conti JA, Kemeny NE, Saltz LB, et al. Irinotecan is an active agent in untreated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 14 (1996) 709–715.
Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C, et al. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Irinotecan Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 343 (2000) 905–914.
Cunningham D, Pyrhonen S, James RD, et al. Randomised trial of irinotecan plus supportive care versus supportive care alone after fluorouracil failure for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Lancet, 352 (1998) 1413–1418.
Ducreux M, Gil-Delgado M, Andre T, Ychou M, de Gramond A, Khayat D. [Irinotecan in combination for colon cancer]. Bull. Cancer, Spec No (1998) 43–46.
Mathe G, Kidani Y, Segiguchi M, et al. Oxalato-platinum or 1-OHP, a third-generation platinum complex: an experimental and clinical appraisal and preliminary comparison with cis-platinum and carboplatinum. Biomed. Pharmacother., 43 (1989) 237–250.
Tashiro T, Kawada Y, Sakurai Y, Kidani Y. Antitumor activity of a new platinum complex, oxalato (trans-1–1,2- diaminocyclohexane)platinum (II): new experimental data. Biomed. Pharmacother., 43 (1989) 251–260.
Andre T, Bensmaine MA, Louvet C, et al. Multicenter phase II study of bimonthly high-dose leucovorin, fluorouracil infusion, and oxaliplatin for metastatic colorectal cancer resistant to the same leucovorin and fluorouracil regimen. J. Clin. Oncol., 17 (1999) 3560–3568.
Giacchetti S, Perpoint B, Zidani R, et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of oxaliplatin added to chronomodulated fluorouracil-leucovorin as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 18 (2000) 136–147.
Levi F, Giachetti S, Adam R, Zidani R, Metzger G, Misset JL. Chronomodulation of chemotherapy against metastatic colorectal cancer. International Organization for Cancer Chronotherapy. Eur. J. Cancer, 31A (1995) 1264–1270.
de Gramont A, Figer A, Seymour M, et al. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 18 (2000) 2938–2947.
Janne PA, Mayer RJ. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 342 (2000) 1960–1968.
Benito E, Stiggelbout A, Boxch FX, et al. Nutritional factors in colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in Majorca. Int. J. Cancer, 49 (1991) 161–167.
Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85 (1993) 875–884.
Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Alcohol, low-methioninelow-folate diets, and risk of colon cancer in men. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87 (1995) 265–273.
Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Mandel JS, Mott LA, Greenberg ER. Folate intake, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and risk of colorectal adenomas. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 90 (1998) 57–62.
Ferraroni M, LaVecchia C, D’ Avanzo B, Negri E, Franceschi S, Decarii A. Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. Br. J. Cancer, 70 (1994) 1150–1155.
Eberhart CE, Coffey RJ, Radhika A, Giardiello FM, Ferrenbach S, DuBois RN. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology, 107 (1994) 1183–1188.
Steinbach G, Lynch PM, Phillips RK, et al. The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N. Engl. J. Med., 342 (2000) 1946–1952.
Winawer SJ, Fletcher RH, Miller L, et al. Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale. Gastroenterology, 112 (1997) 594–642.
Fleming ID, Cooper JS, Henson DE, American Joint Committee on Cancer, Cancer Staging Manual. 5th ed., Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, 1997.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thomas, M.B., Wolff, R.A. (2003). Current Understanding of Colorectal Neoplasia. In: Koch, T.R. (eds) Colonic Diseases. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-314-9_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-314-9_26
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9740-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-314-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive