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Oxidative Stress

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Colonic Diseases

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Abstract

The electrons in an atom are arranged in pairs on shells or orbits that surround the nucleus where protons and neutrons coexist. In a stable atom, the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the number of electrons on the shells, each of which can have no more than eight electrons. The chemical reactivity of a molecule is dependent upon the conformation of electrons on the outer shell. This conformation determines the ease with which the molecule can accept or donate one or more electrons. When a molecule has an unpaired or odd number of electrons in its atomic structure, it is referred to as a free radical, which is relatively unstable and, therefore, very reactive. For example, molecular oxygen (O2) has two unpaired electrons in its outer shell, which makes it makes it possible for it to accept up to two electrons (one at a time) from another compound. When a single electron is added to O2, it becomes the superoxide molecule (O −2 ), which is a free radical with an unpaired electron (Fig. 1). Other molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are not necessarily free radicals, but are certainly very reactive. Such molecules along with free radicals are generally referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS) (1). H2O2 is formed when the superoxide radical accepts another electron and two hydrogen ions (2H+). A combination of H2O2 with O −2 results in the formation of the hydroxyl (OH−) radical, the most toxic free radical in biological systems (1).

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Authors
  1. Emmanuel C. Opara
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Timothy R. Koch MD

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© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

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Opara, E.C. (2003). Oxidative Stress. In: Koch, T.R. (eds) Colonic Diseases. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-314-9_12

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-314-9_12

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9740-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-314-9

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