Abstract
It had long been held that neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) was largely completed by birth. This opinion held sway until the early 1960s, when cellular proliferation was discovered in the subventricular zone (SVZ) (1) and neurogenesis was observed to occur in the olfactory bulb (2,3). The significance of these studies went unexplored until recently, when the ability to extract, grow, and reimplant neural stem cells (NSCs) into the brain forced a re-examination of the intrinsic capacity of the cerebrum to marshal endogenous stem cell pools (4–6). Similarly for the spinal cord, Adrian and Walker (7), employing 3H-thymidine, a mitotic marker, labeled a small population of cells lining the central canal of the intact adult rat. Because these cells had only a limited life-span, however, their role was deemed to be trivial. The significance of this observation for spinal cord dysfunction and repair has also recently been revisited in light of the possible existence of NSCs within the spinal cord.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Sidman, R. L., Miale, I. L., and Feder, N. (1959) Cell proliferation and migration in the primitive ependymal zone: an autoradiographic study of histogenesis in the nervous system. Exp. Neurol. 1, 322–333.
Altman, J. (1963) Autoradiographic investigation of cell proliferation in the brains of rats and cats. Anat. Rec. 145, 573–591.
Altman, J. and Das, G. D. (1967) Postnatal neurogenesis in the guinea-pig. Nature 214 (93), 1098–1101.
Lois, C. and Alvarez-Buylla, A. (1994) Long-distance neuronal migration in the adult mammalian brain. Science 264, 1145–1148.
Johansson, C., Momma, S., Clarke, D., Risling, M., Lendahl, U., and Frisen, J. (1999) Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Cell 96, 25–34.
Doetsch, F., Caille, I., Lim, D., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., and Alvarez-Buylla, A. (1999) Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain. Cell 97, 703–716.
Adrian, E. K., Jr. and Walker, B. E. (1962) Incorporation of thymidine—H 3 by cells in normal and injured mouse spinal cord. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 21, 597–609.
Horner, P., Power, A., Kempermann, G., Kuhn, H., Palmer, T., Winkler, J., et al. (2000) Proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells throughout the intact adult rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 20 (6), 2218–2228.
Park, K. I., Liu, S., Flax, J. D., Nissim, S., Stieg, P. E., and Snyder, E. Y. (1999) Transplantation of neural progenitor & stem-like cells: developmental insights may suggest new therapies for spinal cord and other CNS dysfunction. J. Neurotrauma 16 (8), 675–687.
Weiss, S., Dunne, C., Hewson, J., Wohl, C., Wheatley, M., Peterson, A. C., et al. (1996) Multipotent CNS stem cells are present in the adult mammalian spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 16, 7599–7609.
Shihabuddin, L. S., Ray, J., and Gage, F. H. (1997) FGF-2 is sufficient to isolate progenitors found in the adult mammalian spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 148 (2), 577–586.
Shihabuddin, L., Homer, P., Ray, J., and Gage, F. (2000) Adult spinal cord stem cells generate neurons after transplantation in the adult dentate gyrus. J. Neurosci. 20 (23), 8727–8735.
Snyder, E. Y. (1998) Neural stem-like cells: developmental lessons with therapeutic potential. The Neuroscientist 4 (6), 408–425.
Snyder, E. Y., Yoon, C., Flax, J. D., and Macklis, J. D. (1997) Multipotent neural precursors can differentiate toward replacement of neurons undergoing targeted apoptotic degeneration in adult mouse neocortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94(21), 11,663–11, 668.
Leavitt, B. R., Canales, M., Snyder, E. Y., and Macklis, J. D. (1996) Multipotent neural precursors transplanted to regions of targeted neuronal apoptosis in adult mouse somatosensory cortex differentiate into neurons & reform callosal projections. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 22, 505.
Wang, Y., Sheen, V. L., and Macklis, J. D. (1998) Cortical interneurons upregulate neurotrophins in vivo in response to targeted apoptotic degeneration of neighboring pyramidal neurons. Exp. Neurol. 154, 389–402.
Wrathall, J. R., Choiniere, D., and Teng, Y. D. (1994) Dose-dependent reduction of tissue loss and functional impairment after spinal cord trauma with the AMPA/kainate antagonist NBQX. J. Neurosci. 14, 6598–6607.
Teng, Y. D., Mocchetti, I., Taveira-DaSilva, A. M., Gillis, R. A., and Wrathall, J. R. (1999) Basic fibroblast growth factor increases long-term survival of spinal cord motor neurons and improves respiratory function after experimental spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. 19, 7037–7047.
Magavi, S., Leavitt, B., and Macklis, J. (2000) Induction of neurogenesis in the neocortex of adult mice. Nature 405, 951–955.
Park, K. I., Jensen, F. E., Stieg, R. E., and Snyder, E.Y. (1998) Hypoxic—ischemic injury may direct the proliferation, migation, and differentiation of endogenous neural progenitors. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 24, 1310.
White, M. K. C. (2001) Potential for neurogenesis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Senior thesis for bachelor of arts, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.
Basso, D. M., Beattie, M. S., and Bresnahan, J. C. (1995) A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats. J. Neurotrauma 12, 1–21.
Lu, R, Jones, L., Park, K. I., Snyder E. Y., and Tuszynski, M. (2000) Neural stem cells secrete BDNF & GDNF, & promote axonal growth after spinal cord injury. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 26, 332.
McDonald, J. W., et al. (1999) Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord. Nat. Med. 5, 1410–1412.
Liu, S., et al. (2000) Embryonic stem cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate in culture and after spinal cord transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6126–6131.
Teng, Y. D., Lavik, E., Qu, X., Park, K. I., Ourednik, J., Langer, R., et al. (2000) Transplantation of neural stem cells seeded in biodegradable polymer scaffold ameliorates long-term functional deficits resulting from spinal cord hemisection in adult rats. American Society of Neural Transplantation and Repair; Meeting, Vol 7, p. 61.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Teng, Y.D. et al. (2003). Neural Stem Cells in and from the Spinal Cord. In: Zigova, T., Snyder, E.Y., Sanberg, P.R. (eds) Neural Stem Cells for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair. Contemporary Neuroscience. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-298-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-298-2_12
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-298-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-298-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive