Abstract
A 53-yr-old woman was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus in 1960 at the age of 15. She initially presented with weight loss, frequent urination, and an increased appetite. She has been treated with insulin since her initial diagnosis, having been started on a multiple daily injection (MDI) program in June 1992. Her diabetes was under good control with her glycosylated hemoglobin ranging from 7.4–8.6% (normal range 4–7%) after the MDI program was instituted.
Deceased
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Redberg RF. Coronary artery disease in women: understanding the diagnostic and management pitfalls. Medscape Women’s Health 1998; 3: 1.
Galcera-Tomas J, Melgarejo-Moreno A, Garcia-Alberola A, Rodriguez-Garcia P, Lozano-Martinez J, Martinez-Hernandez J, Martinez-Fernandez S. Prognostic significance of diabetes in acute myocardial infarction. Are there differences linked to female gender ? Int J Card 1999; 69: 289–298.
Lopez-Jimenez F, Goldman L, Johnson PA, Polanczyk CA, Cook EF, Fleishmann KE, Orav EJ, Lee TH. Effects of diabetes mellitus on the presentation and triage of patients with acute chest pain without known coronary artery disease. Am J Med 1998; 105: 500–505.
Nesto RW, Watson FS, Kowalchuk GJ, Zarich SW, Hill T, Lewis SM, Lane SE. Silent myocardial ischemia and infarction with peripheral vascular disease: Assessment by dipyridamole thallium-201 scintigraphy. Int J Card 1999; 69: 289–298.
American Diabetes Association. Consensus Development Conference on the Diagnosis of Coronary Heart Disease in People with Diabetes: 10–11 Feb. 1998, Miami, FL. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1551–1559.
American Diabetes Association Position Statement—Aspirin Therapy in Diabetes. ADA Clinical Practice Recommendations-2000. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: S61–S62.
Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Investigators. Aspirin effects on mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus-ETDRS report 14. JAMA 1992; 68: 1292–1300.
The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Investigators. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with angioplasty in patients with multivessel disease. N Engl J of Med 1996; 335: 217–225.
Kaplan RC, Heckbert SR, Weiss NS, Wahl PW, Smith NL, Newton KM, Psaty BM. Postmenopausal estrogens and risks of myocardial infarction in diabetic women. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1117–1121.
Walikonis JE, Lennon VA. Radioimmunoassay for glutamic acid decarboxylas (GAD65) autoantibodies as a diagnostic aid for stiff-man syndrome and a correlate of susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clinic Proc 1998; 73: 1161–1166.
Solimena M, Folli F, Denis-Donini S, Comi GC, Pozza G, De Camilli P, Vicari AM. Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in a patient with stiff-man syndrome, epilepsy, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1998; 318: 1012–1020.
Baekkeskov S, Aanstoot H-J, Christgau S, Reetz A, Solimena M, Cascalho M, et al. Identification of the 64K autoantigen in insulin-dependent diabetes as the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. Nature 1990; 347: 151–156.
Zimmet P, Turner R, McCarty D, Rowley M, Mackay I. Crucial points at diagnosis. Type 2 diabetes or slow type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 59B - 64B.
Tuomi T, Carlsson A, Li H, Isomaa B, Miettinen A, Nilsson A, et al. Clinical and genetic characteristics of type 2 diabetes with and without GAD antibodies. Diabetes 1999; 48: 150–157.
Fukui M, Nakano K, Shigeta H, Yoshimori K, Fujii M, Kitagawa Y, et al. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in Japanese diabetic patients with secondary failure of oral hypoglycaemic therapy. Diabetic Med 1997; 14: 148–152.
Bruno G, De Salvia A, Arcari R, Borra M, Grosso N, Carta Q, Trovati M, Veglio M, Pagano G. Clinical, immunological, and genetic heterogeneity of diabetes in an Italian population-based cohort of lean newly diagnosed patients aged 30–34 years. Piedmont Study Group for Diabetes Epidemiology. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 50–55.
Turner R, Sratton I, Orton V, Manley S, Zimmet P, Mackay IR, et al. for UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1997; 350: 1288–1293.
Yliharsila H, Tuomilehto J, Mackay IR, Zimmet P, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Rowley MJ, Nissinen A. GAD Antibodies in elderly men in different categories of glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 996–997.
Ruige JB, Batstra MR, Aanstoot HJ, Bouter LM, Bruining GJ, de Neeling JN, Heine RJ. Low prevalence of antibodies to GAD65 in a 50- to 74-year-old general Dutch population. The Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1108–1110.
Hatziagelaki E, Jaeger C, Maeser E, Bretzel RG, Federlin K. GAD 65 antibody but not ICA positivity in adult-onset diabetic patients is associated with early progression to clinical insulin dependency. Acta Diabetologica 1996; 33: 291–294.
Whittingham S, Byron SL, Tuomilehto J, Zimmet PZ, Myers MA, Vidgren G, et al. Autoantibodies associated with presymptomatic insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Diabetic Med 1997; 14: 678–685.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on residual beta-cell function in patients with type 1 diabetes in the diabetes control and complication trial: a randomized control trial. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 517–523.
Littorin B, Sundkvist G, Hagopian W, Landin-Olsson M, Lernmark A, Ostman J, et al. Islet cell and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies present at diagnosis of diabetes predict the need for insulin treatment: a cohort study in young adults whose disease was initially labeled as type 2 or unclassifiable diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 409–412.
Howey DC, Bowsher RR, Brunelle RL, Woodworth JR. [Lys(B28), Pro(B29)]-Human insulin a rapidly absorbed analogue of human insulin. Diabetes 1994; 43: 396–402.
Jacobs MAJM, Keulen ETP, Kane K, Casteleijn S, Scheffer P, Deville W, Heine RJ. Metabolic efficacy of preprandial administration of Lys(B28), Pro(B29) human insulin analog in IDDM patients: a comparison with human regular insulin during a three-meal test period. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1279–1286.
Colombel A, Murat A, Krempf M, Kuchly-Anton B, Charbonnel B. Improvement of blood glucose control in type 1 diabetic patients treated with lispro and multiple NPH injections. Diabetic Med 1999; 16: 319324.
Lougheed WD, Zinman B, Strack TR, Janis LJ, Weymouth AB, Bernstein EA, Korbas AM, Frank BH. Stability of insulin lispro in insulin infusion systems. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1061–1065.
Zinman B, Tildesley H, Chiasson J, Tsui E, Strack T. Insulin lispro in CSII: results of a double-blind crossover study. Diabetes 1997; 46: 440–443.
Melki V, Renard E, Lassmann-Vague V, Boivin S, Guerci B, Hanaire-Broutin H, et al. Improvement of HbAi c and blood glucose stability in IDDM patients treated with lispro insulin analog in external pumps. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 977–982.
Diabetes Control and Complications Research Group. Implementation of treatment protocols in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 361–376.
American Diabetes Association. Position statement—continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. (Clinical Practice Recommendations 2000). Diabetes Care 2000; 23: S90.
Bode B, Steed DR, Davidson PC. Reduction in severe hypoglycemia with long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 324–327.
United States Renal Data System: USRDS 1999 Annual Data Report. National Institute of Health, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease. Bethesda, MD. Apr. 1999.
Nelson RG, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH. Kidney diseases in diabetes. In: Harris MI, ed. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed., NIH Publ No. 95–1468, 1995, pp. 349–400.
Mauer M, Mogensen CE, Friedman EA, Diabetic nephropathy. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, ed. Diseases of the Kidney, 6th ed., vol. III, Little, Brown and Company, 1997, pp. 2019–2062.
Vora JP, Chattington PD, Ibrahim H. Clinical manifestations and natural history of diabetic nephropathy. In: Johnson RJ, Feehally J, ed. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology, Mosby, London, UK, 2000, p. 6. 34. 3.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993: 329: 977–986.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/ Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type I diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 381–389.
Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD, for the Collaborative Study Group. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456–1462.
Hebert LA, Bain RP, Verme D, Cattran D, Whittier FC, Tolchin N, Rohde RD, Lewis EJ, for the Collaborative Study Group. Remission of nephrotic range proteinuria in type I diabetes. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 1688–1693.
Wilmer WA, Hebert LA, Lewis EJ, Rohde RD, Whittier F, Cattran D, Levey AS, Lewis JB, Spitalewitz S, Blumenthal S, Bain RP. Remission of nephrotic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: long-term follow-up of patients in the captopril study. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34: 308–314.
Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000; 355: 253–259.
Taal MW, Brenner BM. Renoprotective benefits of RAS inhibition from ACEI to angiotensin II antagonists. Kidney Int 2000; 57: 1803–1817.
Bakris GL, Weir MR, DeQuattro V, McMahon FG. Effects of an ACE inhibitor/calcium antagonist combination on proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 1999; 54: 1283–1289.
Amercan Diabetes Association. Position statement—standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: S32–S42.
American Diabetes Association: Position statement—diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: S69–S72.
Molitch ME. Management of early diabetic nephropathy. Am J Med 1997; 102: 392–398.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sistrunk, J.W., Zimmerman, B.R. (2002). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. In: Molitch, M.E. (eds) Challenging Cases in Endocrinology. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-277-7_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-277-7_16
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-249-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-277-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive