Skip to main content

Endocrine Problems in Pregnancy

  • Chapter
Challenging Cases in Endocrinology

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE))

  • 187 Accesses

Abstract

A 34-yr-old Caucasian female was managed by her primary physician for a history of Addison’s disease and hypothyroidism. She was admitted in August with a 4 d history of generalized weakness, postural lightheadedness, and a marked increase in muscle cramping.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Goland RS, Wardlaw SL, Stark RE, et al. High levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone immunoactivity in maternal and fetal plasma during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63: 1199–1203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Rabin D, et al. Placental CRH secretion and the maternal hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis in human pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol 1996; 44: 419–428.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Suda T, Iwashita M, Tozawa F, et al. Characterization of corticotropin-releasing hormone binding protein in human plasma by chemical cross-linking and its binding during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67: 1278–1283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Linton EA, Perkins AV, Woods RJ, et al. Corticotropin releasing hormone-binding protein (CRH-BP): plasma levels decrease during the third trimester of normal human pregnancy J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 260–262.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Demey-Ponsart E, Foidart JM, Sulon J, et al. Serum CBG, free and total cortisol and circadian patterns of adrenal function in normal pregnancy. J Steroid Biochem 1982; 16: 165–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Don HG, Heller A, Versmold HT, et al. Longitudinal study of progestins, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids throughout human pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 863–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Whiteley HJ, Stoner HB. The effect of pregnancy on the adrenal cortex. J Endocrinol 1957; 14: 325.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Rosenthal HE, Slaunwhite WR, Sandberg AA. Transcortin, a corticosteroid-binding protein of plasma: Cortisol and progesterone interplay and unbound levels of these steroids in pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1969; 29: 352–367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wilson M, Morganti AA, Zervoudakis I, et al. Blood pressure, the renin-aldosterone system and sex steroids throughout normal pregnancy. Am J Med 1980; 8: 97–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Gant NF, Daley GL, Chand S, et al. A study of angiotensin II pressor response throughout primigravid pregnancy. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 2682–2689.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ehrlich EN, Lindheimer MD. Effect of administered mineralocorticoids or ACTH in pregnant women. Attenuation of kaliuretic influence of mineralocorticoids during pregnancy. J Clin Invest 1972; 51: 1301 1309.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jones KM, Lloyd-Jones R, Riondel A, et al. Aldosterone secretion and metabolism in normal men and women and in pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol 1959; 30: 321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Biglieri EG, Slaton Jr, PE. Pregnancy and primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1967; 27: 1628–1632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gamlen TR, Aynsley-Green A, Irvine WJ, McCallum CJ. Immunological studies in the neonate of a mother with Addison’s disease and diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Immunol 1977; 28: 192–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Osler M. Addison’s disease and pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol 1962; 41: 67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Normington EM, Davies D. Hypertension and oedema complicating pregnancy in Addison’s disease. Br Med J 1972; 1: 148–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Freier DT, Thompson NW. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: the epitome of high risk. Surgery 1993; 114: 1148–1152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Saarikoski S. Fate of noradrenaline in the human fetoplacental unit. Acta Physiol Scand 1974; 421 (Suppl): 1–84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Dahia PLM, Hayashida CY, Strunz C, Abelin N, Toledo SPA. Low cord blood levels of catecholamine from a newborn of a pheochromocytoma patient. Eur J Endocrinol 1994; 130: 217–219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Barzel US, Barlian Z, Runmery G, et al. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1964; 89: 519–521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bakri YN, Ingemansson SE, Ali A, Parikh S. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: report of three cases. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992; 71: 301–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Harper MA, Murnaghan GA, Kennedy L, Hadden DR, Atkinson AB. Phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy: five cases and a review of the literature. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 594–606.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Combs CA, Easterling TR, Schmucker BC. Hemodynamic observations during paroxysmal hypertension in a pregnancy with pheochromocytoma. Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74: 439–442.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Falterman CJ, Kreisberg R. Pheochromocytoma: clinical diagnosis and management. South Med J 1982; 75: 321–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Baysal BE, Willett-Brozick JE, Lawrence EC, et al. Genetic heterogeneity in hereditary paraganglioma (PGL): SDHD is the primary locus in imprinted PGL pedigrees. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66 (Suppl): 385f.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kalff V, Shapiro B, Lloyd R, et al. The spectrum of pheochromocytoma in hypertensive patients with neurofibromatosis. Arch Intern Med 1982; 142: 2092–2098.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kothari A, Bethune M, Manwaring J, Astley N, Wallace E. Massive bilateral phaeochromocytomas in association with von Hippel Lindau syndrome in pregnancy. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 39: 38 1384.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Freier DT, Eckhauser FE, Harrison TS. Pheochromocytoma. Arch Surg 1980; 115: 388–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pederson EB, Rasmussen AB, Christensen NJ, et al. Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline in pre-eclampsia, essential hypertension in pregnancy and normotensive pregnant control subjects. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1982; 99: 594–600.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Zuspan FP. Urinary excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1970; 30: 357–360.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sheps SG, Jiang NS, Klee GC. Diagnostic evaluation of pheochromocytoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1988; 17: 397–415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Devoe LD, O’Dell BE, Castillo RA, Hadi HA, Searle N. Metastatic pheochromocytoma in pregnancy and fetal biophysical assessment after maternal administration of alpha-adrenergic, beta-adrenergic, and dopamine antagonists. Obstet Gynecol 1986; 68 (Suppl 3): 15S - 18S.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Santeiro ML, Stromquist C, Wyble L. Phenoxybenzamine placental transfer during the third trimester. Ann Pharmacother 1996; 30: 1249–1251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lyons CW, Colmorgen GHC. Medical management of pheochromocytoma in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 450–451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ahlawat SK, Jain S, Kumari S, Varma S, Sharma BK. Pheochromocytoma associated with pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Sury 1999; 54: 728–737.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Chatterjee TK, Parekh U. Phaeochromocytoma in pregnancy. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1985; 25: 290291

    Google Scholar 

  37. Finkenstedt G, Gasser RW, Hofle G, et al. Pheochromocytoma and sub-clinical Cushing’s syndrome during pregnancy: diagnosis, medical pre-treatment and cure by laparoscopie unilateral adrenalectomy. J Endocrinol Invest 1999; 22: 551–557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Schenker JG, Granat M. Phaeochromocytoma and pregnancy-An updated appraisal. Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 1982; 22: 1–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Schenker JG, Chowers I. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: review of 89 cases. Obstet Gynecol Sury 1971; 26: 739–747.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Raue F, Bayer JM, Rahn KH, et al. Hypercalcitoninaemia in patients with pheochromocytoma. Klin Wochenschrift 1978; 56: 697–701.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Heath H, Edis AJ. Pheochromocytoma associated with hypercalcemia and ectopic secretion of calcitonin. Ann Intern Med 1979; 91: 208–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kato T, Seki K, Matsui H, Sekiya S. Monometric calcitonin in pregnant women and in cord blood. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 92: 241–244.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Pitkin RM. Calcium metabolism pregnancy: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985; 151: 99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Okah FA, Tsang RC, Sierra R, Brady KK, Specker BL. Bone turnover and mineral metabolism in the last trimester of pregnancy: effect of multiple gestation. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 168–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mestman JH. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clinics N Am 1998; 27: 127–149.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Goldstein DE, Drash A, Gibbs J, Blizzard RM. Diabetes mellitus: the incidence of circulating antibodies against thyroid, gastric, and adrenal tissue. J Pediatr 1970; 77: 304–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bech K, Hoier-Madsen M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, et al. Thyroid function and autoimmune manifestations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during and after pregnancy. Acta Endocrinologia 1991; 124: 534539.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Bouillon R, Naesens M, Van Assche FA, et al. Thyroid function in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 143: 922–926.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Chin RK, Lao TT. Thyroxine concentrations and outcome of hyperemetic pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988; 95: 507–509.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Goodwin TM, Montoro M, Mestman JH, Pekary AE, Hershman JM. The role of chorionic gonadotropin in transient hyperthyroidism of hyperemesis gravidarum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 1333–1339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yoshimura M, Hershman JM. Thyrotropic action of human chorionic gonadotropin. Thyroid 1995; 5: 425–434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tsuruta E, Tada H, Tamaki H, et al. Pathogenic role of asial human chroionic gonadotropin in gestational thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 350–355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Goodwin TM, Montoro M, Mestman JH. Transient hyperthyroidism and hyperemesis gravidarum: clinical aspects. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 167: 648–652.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Glinoer D, DeNayer P, Bourdoux P, et al. Regulation of maternal thyroid during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 71: 276–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Merio R, Festa A, Bergmann H, et al. Slow gastric emptying in type I diabetes: relation to autonomic and peripheral neuropathy, blood glucose and glycemic control. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 419–423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Barnett JL, Owyang C. Serum glucose concentration as a modulator of interdigestive gastric motility. Gastroenterology 1988; 94: 739–744.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Hornbuckle K, Barnett JL. The diagnosis and work-up of the patient with gastroparesis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000; 30: 117–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Barker DJP, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, et al. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet 1993; 341: 938–941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Barker DJP, Hales CN, Fall CHD, Osmond C, Phipps K, Clarke PMS. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia 1993;36:62–67.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rabine JC, Barnett JL. Management of the patient with gastroparesis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 32: 11–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lavin Jr JP, Gimmon Z, Miodovnik M, von Meyenfeldt M, Fischer JE. Total parenteral nutrition in a pregnant insulin-requiring diabetic. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 59: 660–664.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Zibell FD, Jen KL, Rick J. Use of parenteral nutrition to maintain adequate nutritional status in hyperemesis gravidarum. J Perinatol 1990; 10: 390–395.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kirby DF, Fiorenza V, Craig RM. Intravenous nutritional support during pregnancy. J Parentr Enteral Nutr 1988; 12: 72–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Scott AR, Tattersall RB, McPherson M. Improvement of postural hypotension and severe diabetic autonomic neuropathy during pregnancy. Diabetes Care 1988; 11: 369–370.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Phelps RL, Sakol P, Metzger BE, Jampol LM, Freinkel N. Changes in diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy. Correlations with regulation of hyperglycemia. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104: 1806–1810.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Chew EY, Mills JL, Metzger BE, et al. Metabolic control and progression of retinopathy: The Diabetes In Early Pregnancy Study. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 631–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. The Kroc Collaborative Study Group: Blood glucose control and the evolution of diabetic retinopathy and albuminuria. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 365–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Pregnancy increases the risk of complications in the DCCT. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Reece EA, Coustan DR, Hayslett JP, et al. Diabetic nephropathy: pregnancy performance and feto-maternal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 56–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McCance DR, Traub AI, Harley JM, Hadden DR, Kennedy L. Urinary albumin excretion in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 236–239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Biesenbach G, Stöger H, Zazgornik J. Influence of pregnancy on progression of diabetic nephropathy and subsequent requirement of renal replacement therapy in female type I diabetic patients with impaired renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7: 105–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Purdy LP, Hantsch CE, Molitch ME, et al. Effect of pregnancy on renal function in patients with moderate-to-severe diabetic renal insufficiency. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 1067–1074.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ariza-Andraca CR, Altamirano-Bustamante E, Frati-Munari AC, Altamirano-Bustamante P, GraefSanchez A. Delayed insulin absorption due to subcutaneous edema. Arch Investig Med 1991; 22: 229–233.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Burrow G. Thyroid function and hyperfunction during gestation. Endocrinol Revs 1993; 14: 194–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Mestman JH. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1997; 40: 45–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Stagnaro-Green A, Roman SH, Cobin RH, el-Harazy E, Wallenstein S, Davies TF. A prospective study of lymphocyte-initiated immunosuppression in normal pregnancy: evidence of a T-cell etiology for postpartum thyroid dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 645–653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Burrow GN. Thyroid diseases. In: Burrow GN, Duffy TP, eds. Medical Complications During Pregnancy, 5th edition. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1999, pp. 135–161.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Sridama V, Pacini F, Yang SL, Moawad A, Reilly M, DeGroot LJ. Decreased levels of helper T cells: a possible cause of immunodeficiency in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 352–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Millar LK, Wing DA, Leung AS, Koonings PP, Montoro MN, Mestman JH. Low birth weight and preeclampsia in pregnancies complicated by hyperthyroidism. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84: 946–949.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Davis LE, Lucas MJ, Hankins GD, Roark ML, Cunningham FG. Thyrotoxicosis complicating pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 160: 63–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gardner DF, Cruikshank DP, Hays PM, Cooper DS. Pharmacology of propylthiouracil (PTU) in pregnant hyperthyroid women: correlation of maternal PTU concentrations with cord serum thyroid function tests. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 62: 217–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Hales IB, McElduff A, Crummer P, et al. Does Graves’ disease or thyrotoxicosis affect the prognosis of thyroid cancer? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 886–889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pacini F, Elisei R, Di Coscio GC, et al. Thyroid carcinoma in thyrotoxic patients treated by surgery. J Endocrinol Invest 1988; 11: 107–112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Belfiore A, Garofalo MR, Giuffrida D, et al. Increased aggressiveness of thyroid cancer in patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 830–835.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Behar R, Arganini M, Wu TC, et al. Graves’ disease and thyroid cancer. Surgery 1986; 100: 1121–1127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Pellegriti G, Belfiore A, Giuffrida D, et al. Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer in Graves’ patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 2805–2809.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Ozaki O, Ito K, Kobayashi K, et al. Thyroid carcinoma in Graves’ disease. World J Surg 1990; 14: 437–441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Filetti S, Belfiore A, Amir SM, et al. The role of thyroid-stimulating antibodies of Graves’ disease in differentiated thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 753–759.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Struve CW, Haupt S, Ohlen S. Influence of frequency of previous pregnancies on the prevalence of thyroid nodules in women without clinical evidence of thyroid disease. Thyroid 1993; 3: 7–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. McTiernan AM, Weiss NS, Daling JR. Incidence of thyroid cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors. Am J Epidemiol 1984; 120: 423–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Akslen LA, Nilssen S, Kva’le G. Reproductive factors and risk of thyroid cancer: a prospective study of 63,090 women from Norway. Br J Cancer 1992; 65: 772–774.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Herzon FS, Morris DM, Segal MN, Rauch G, Parnell T. Coexistent thyroid cancer and pregnancy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994; 120: 1191–1193.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Mestman JH, Goodwin M, Montoro MM. Thyroid disorders of pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 1995; 24: 41–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Rosen IB, Walfish PG. Pregnancy as a predisposing factor in thyroid neoplasia. Arch Surg 1986; 121: 1287–1290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Rosen IB, Walfish PG, Nikore V. Pregnancy and surgical thyroid disease. Surgery 1985; 98: 1135–1140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hay I. Nodular thyroid disease diagnosed during pregnancy: how and when to treat. Thyroid 1999; 9: 667670.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Kobayashi K, Tanaka Y, Ishiguro S, Mori T. Rapidly growing thyroid carcinoma during pregnancy. J Surg Oncol 1994; 55: 61–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Eskin BA, Parker JA, Bassett JG, George DL. Human breast uptake of radioactive iodine. Obstet Gynecol 1974; 44: 398–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Tazebay UH, Wapnir IL, Levy O, et al. The mammary gland iodide transporter is expressed during lactation and in breast cancer. Nat Med 2000; 6: 871–878.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Dydek GJ, Blue PW. Human breast milk excretion of iodine-131 following diagnostic and therapeutic administration to a lactating patient with Graves’ disease. J Nucl Med 1988; 29: 407–410.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Doody RE, Becker DV, Brill AB, et al. Cancer mortality following treatment for adult hyperthyroidism. Cooperative Thyrotoxicosis Therapy Follow-up Study Group. JAMA 1998; 280: 347–355.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Toft AD, Irvine WJ, McLeod DAD, Seth J, Cameron EHD, Lidard GP. Propranolol in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis by subtotal thyroidectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 43: 1312–1316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Caswell HT, Marks AD, Channick BJ. Propranolol for the preoperative preparation of patients with thyrotoxicosis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1978; 146: 908–910.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Marigold JH, Morgan AK, Earle DJ, Young AE, Croft DN. Lugol’s iodine: its effect on thyroid blood flow in patients with thyrotoxicosis. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 45–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Marmon L, Au FC. The preoperative use of iodine solution in thyrotoxic patients prepared with propranolol. Is it necessary? Am Surg 1989; 55: 629–631.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Kaur S, Parr JH, Ramsay ID, Hennebry TM, Jarvis KJ, Lester E. Effect of preoperative iodine in patients with Graves’ disease controlled with antithyroid drugs and thyroxine. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1988; 70: 123–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Delange F. Administration of iodized oil during pregnancy: a summary of the published evidence. Bull WHO 1996; 74: 101–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, et al. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971–1974 and 1988–1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 83: 3401–3408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. Glinoer D, De Nayer P, Delange F, et al. A randomized trial for the treatment of mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 258–269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Klett M, Ohlig M, Manz F, Troeger J, Heinrich U. Effect of iodine supply on neonatal thyroid volume and TSH. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1999; 432: 18–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Nohr SB, Laurberg P. Opposite variations in maternal and neonatal thyroid function induced by iodine supplementation during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 623–627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Weber G, Vigone MC, Rapa A, et al. Neonatal transient hypothyroidism: aetiological study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1998; 79: F70 - F72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Danziger Y, Pertzelan A, Mimouni M. Transient congenital hypothyroidism after topical iodine in pregnancy and lactation. Arch Dis Child 1987; 62: 295–296.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Brown RS, Bloomfield S, Bednarek FJ, Mitchell ML, Braverman LE. Routine skin cleansing with povidone-iodine is not a common cause of transient neonatal hypothyroidism in North America: a prospective controlled study. Thyroid 1997; 7: 395–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Senior B, Chernoff HL. Iodide goiter in the newborn. Pediatr 1971; 47: 510–515.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Momotani N, Hisaoka T, Noh J, Ishikawa N, Ito K. Effects of iodine on thyroid status of fetus versus mother in treatment of Graves’ disease complicated by pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 738–744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Purdy, L.P., Metzger, B.E. (2002). Endocrine Problems in Pregnancy. In: Molitch, M.E. (eds) Challenging Cases in Endocrinology. Contemporary Endocrinology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-277-7_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-277-7_15

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-249-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-277-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics