Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
SpringerLink
Log in

Tuberculosis

  • Chapter
Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries

Part of the book series: Nutrition ◊ and ◊ Health ((NH))

  • 295 Accesses

Abstract

Tuberculosis is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or related organisms such as Mycobacterium bovis. M. tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-faststaining bacillus, is the most common cause of tuberculosis in man and will be the focus of this chapter. Tuberculosis is most commonly transmitted from person to person via the aerial route, and most individuals who are infected do not develop clinical disease. About 5% of those infected may develop clinical manifestations such as pulmonary or miliary disease, and disease may occur at the time of primary infection or may occur years later. Malnutrition and other immunosuppressive disorders such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increase the risk of developing clinical disease (Fig. 1). In the absence of effective chemotherapy, tuberculosis is characterized by wasting and high mortality. The association of poor nutrition with tuberculosis is evident in older terms for tuberculosis such as the Greek term “phthisis” or “to waste away” and “consumption.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Raviglione MC, Snider DE, Kochi A. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis: morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic. JAMA 1995; 273: 220–226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. De Cock KM, Soro B, Coulibaly IM, Lucas SB. Tuberculosis and HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. JAMA 1992; 268: 1581–1587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Pablos-Mendez A, Raviglione M, Laszlo A, Binkin N, Rieder HL, Bustreo F, et al. Global surveillance for antituberculous-drug resistance, 1994–1997. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1641–1649.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Small PM, Hopewell PC, Singh SP, Paz A, Parsonnet J, Ruston DC, et al. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco: a population-based study using conventional and molecular methods. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1703–1709.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Hermans PW, Messadi F, Guebrexabher H, van Soolingen D, de Haas PE, Heersma H, et al. Analysis of the population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ethiopia, Tunisia, and The Netherlands: usefulness of DNA typing for global tuberculosis epidemiology. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1504–1513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Smith GE, Ruffer MA. Pott’che Krankheit an einer ägyptischen Mumie. University of Giessen, Germany: A. Töpelmann, 1910.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Buikstra JE, Baker BJ, Cook DC. What diseases plagued the ancient Egyptians? A century of controversy considered. In: Biological Anthropology and the Study of Ancient Egypt. Davies WV, Walker R, eds. London: British Museum Press, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Allison MJ, Mendoza D, Pezzia A. Documentation of a case of tuberculosis in pre-Columbian America. Am Rev Resp Dis 1973; 107: 985–891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chadwick J, Mann WN. The Medical Works of Hippocrates. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Aretaeus the Cappadocian. The Extant Works of Aretaeus, the Cappadocian. Edited and translated by Francis Adams. London: Sydenham Society, 1856.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Galen. Librorum pars prima [-quintal (5 vols). Venetiis, in aedibus Aldi, et Andreae Asulani soceri, 1525.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Crawfurd R. The King’s Evil. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bloch M. The Royal Touch: Sacred Monarchy and Scrofula in England and France. Montreal: McGill, Queen’s University Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Morton R. Phthisiologia: or A Treatise of Consumptions, 2nd ed. London: W. and J. Innys, 1720.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Cullen W. First Lines of the Practice of Physic. 4 vols. Edinburgh: C. Elliot, and London: T. Cadell, 1786.

    Google Scholar 

  16. King LS. Medical Thinking: A Historical Preface. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ackerknecht EH. Medicine at the Paris Hospital, 1794–1848. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Foucault M. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception. New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bayle GL. Recherches sur la phthisie pulmonaire. Paris: Gabon, 1810.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Laennec RTH. De l’auscultation médiate, ou traité de diagnostic des maladies des poumons et du coeur. Paris: J. A. Brosson and J. S. Claudé, 1819.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Schwann T. Microscopical Researches into the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants. London: Sydenham Society, 1847.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Villemin JA. Etudes sur la tuberculose: preuves rationelles et expérimentales de sa spécifité et de son inoculabilité. Paris: J.B. Baillière, 1868.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Koch R. Die Aetiologie der Tuberkulose. Berlin klin Wschr 1882; 19: 221–230.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Koch R. Weitere Mittheilungen über ein Heilmittel gegen Tuberkulose. Dtsch med Wschr 1890; 16: 1029–1032, 1891; 17: 101–102, 1189–1192.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bodington G. Essay on the Treatment of and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption. London, Longmans and Company, 1840.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Rothman SM. Living in the Shadow of Death: Tuberculosis and the Social Experience of Illness in American History. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bryder L. Below the Magic Mountain: A Social History of Tuberculosis in Twentieth-Century Britain. Oxford: Claredon Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Rollier A. Die Heliotherapie der Tuberkulose. Berlin: J. Springer, 1913.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Forlanini C. A contribuzione della terapia chirurgica della tisi; ablazione de polmone? pneumotorace artificiale? Gazz Osp Clin 1882; 3: 537–705.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Bates JH, Stead WW. The history of tuberculosis as a global epidemic. Med Clin North Am 1993; 77: 1205–1217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Williams CJB, Williams CT. On the nature and treatment of pulmonary consumption. Lancet 1868; i:369–780; ii:3–214.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Bennett JH. Treatise on the Oleum Jecoris Aselli, or Cod Liver Oil, as a Therapeutic Agent in Certain Forms of Gout, Rheumatism, and Scrofula, with Cases. London: S. Highley, 1841.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Schütte D. Beobachtungen über den Nutzen des Berger Leberthrans (Oleum jecoris aselli, von Gadus Asellus L.). Archiv f. med. Erfahrung 1824; 79–92.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Taufflieb E. De l’huile de foie de morue et de son usage en médecine. Bull Tray Soc Med Prat Paris 1852; 45–135.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Williams CJB, Williams CT. Pulmonary Consumption, Its Etiology, Pathology, and Treatment. 2nd ed. London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1889.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Bibliographical Record. The first annual report of the Hospital for Consumption and Diseases of the Chest, London, 1849. London J Med 1850; 2: 37–46.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Greenhow EH. On the employment of cod-liver oil in phthisis. With cases. Lancet 1854; ii: 502–545.

    Google Scholar 

  38. McConkey M. The treatment of intestinal tuberculosis with codliver oil and tomato juice. Am Rev Tuberc 1930; 21: 627–635.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Tui C, Kuo NH, Schmidt L. The protein status in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1954; 2: 252–264.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Pottenger FM Jr, Pottenger FM. Adequate diet in tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc 1946; 54: 219.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Calmette LCA, Guérin C, Négre L, Boquet A. Sur la vaccination préventive des enfants nouveau-nés contre la tuberculose par le B. C. G. Ann Inst Pasteur 1927; 41: 201–232.

    Google Scholar 

  42. World Health Organization Expert Committee on Tuberculosis. Ninth Report. Technical Report Series No. 552. Geneva: WHO, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS, Wilson ME, et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Meta-analysis of the published literature. JAMA 1994; 271: 698–702.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Comstock GW. Field trials of tuberculosis vaccines: How could we have done them better? Controlled Clin Trials 1994; 15: 247–276.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hinshaw HC, Feldman WH. Streptomycin in the treatment of clinical tuberculosis: a preliminary report. Proc Mayo Clin 1945; 20: 313–318.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Medical Research Council. Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. BMJ 1948; 2: 769–782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Marks HM. The Progress of Experiment: Science and Therapeutic Reform in the United States, 1900–1990. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Robitzek EH, Selikoff IJ, Orstein GG. Chemotherapy of human tuberculosis with hydrazine derivatives of isonicotinic acid. (Preliminary report of representative cases.) Q Bull Sea View Hosp 1952; 13: 27–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. McKeown T. The Modern Rise of Population. New York, NY: Academic, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  50. McKeown T. The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage, or Nemesis? Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Barnes DS. The Making of a Social Disease: Tuberculosis in Nineteenth Century France. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Flick LF. The Development of our Knowledge of Tuberculosis. Philadelphia: privately printed, 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Brown L. The Story of Clinical Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Baltimore: Willliams and Wilkins, 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Waksman S. The Conquest of Tuberculosis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Coury C. La tuberculose au cours des ages. Grandeur et d \142 clin d’un maladie. Suresne: Lepetit S.A., 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Dubos R, Dubos J. The White Plague: Tuberculosis, Man, and Society. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Daniel TM. Captain of Death: The Story of Tuberculosis. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Bates B, Rothman S, Ellison D. Bargaining for Life: A Social History of Tuberculosis, 1876–1938. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Ott K. Fevered Lives: Tuberculosis in America Culture since 1870. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Johnston W. The Modern Epidemic: A History of Tuberculosis in Japan. Cambridge: Council on East Asian Studies, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Sudre P, ten Dam G. Tuberculosis: a global overview of the situation today. Bull WHO 1992; 70: 149–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Styblo K. Overview and epidemiologic assessment of the current global tuberculosis situation with emphasis on control in developing countries. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11: 5339–5345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Loudon RG, Spohn SK. Cough frequency and infectivity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Resp Dis 1969; 99: 109–111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Stead WW. Undetected tuberculosis in prison. JAMA 1978; 240: 2544–2547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Nolan CM, Elarth AM, Barr H, Saeed AM, Risser DR. An outbreak of tuberculosis in a shelter for homeless men: a description of its evolution and control. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991; 143: 257–261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Stead WW, Lofgren JP, Warren E, Thomas C. Tuberculosis as an endemic and nosocomial infection among the elderly in nursing homes. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1483–1487.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Comstock GW, Liveway VT, Woolpert SF. The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence. Am J Epidemiol 1974; 99: 131–138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Daley CL, Small PM, Schecter GF, Schoolnik GK, McAdam RA, Jacobs WR Jr, Hopewell PC. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 231–235.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Moreno S, Miralles P, Diaz MD, Baraia J, Padilla B, Berenguer J, Alberdi JC. Isoniazid preventive therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Long term effect on the development of tuberculosis and survival. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1729–1734.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Whalen CC, Johnson JL, Okwera A, Hom DL, Huebner R, Mugyenyi P, et al. A trial of three regimens to prevent tuberculosis in Ugandan adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 801–808.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Hawken MP, Meme HK, Elliott LC, Chakaya JM, Morris JS, Githui WA, et al. Isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected adults: results of a randomised trial. AIDS 1997; 11: 875–882.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Moreno S, Baraia-Etxaburu J, Douza E. Risk for developing tuberculosis among anergic patients infected with HIV. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 194–198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Chintu C, Ganapati B, Luo C, Ravilgione M, Diwan V. Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in Zambian children with tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12: 499–504.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Sassan-Morokro M, De Cock KM, Ackah A, Vetter KM, Doorly R, Brattegaard K, et al. Tuberculosis and HIV infection in children in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88: 178–181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kamat SR, Dawson JJY, Devadata S, Fox W, Janardhanam BJ, Radhakrishna S. A controlled trial of the influence of segregation of tuberculosis patients for one-year on the attack rate of tuberculosis in a 5-year period in close family contacts in South India. Bull WHO 1966; 34: 517–532.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention and control of tuberculosis in U.S. communities with at-risk minority populations. MMWR 1992; 41: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  77. McAdam JM, Brickner PW, Scharer LL, Crocco JA, Duff AE. The spectrum of tuberculosis in a New York City men’s shelter clinic (1982–1988). Chest 1990; 97: 798–805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. CDC. Prevention and control of tuberculosis in correctional facilities. MMWR 1996; 45: 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Cantwell MF, Snider DE Jr, Cauthen GM, Onorato IM. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States, 1985 through 1992. JAMA 1994; 272: 535–539.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Zuber PL, McKenna MT, Binkin NJ, Onorato IM, Castro KG. Long-term risk of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States. JAMA 1994; 278: 304–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Cohn ML, Middlebrook G, Russel WE Combined drug treatment of tuberculosis. I. Prevention of emergence of mutant populations of tubercle bacilli resistant to both streptomycin and isoniazid in vitro. J Clin Invest 1959; 38: 1349–1355.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mahmoudi A, Iseman MD. Pitfalls in the care of patients with tuberculosis: common errors and their association with the acquisition of drug resistance. JAMA 1993; 270: 65–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Bloch AB, Cauthen G, Onorato IM, Dansbury KG, Kelly GD, Driver CR, Snider DE Jr. Nationwide survey of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States. JAMA 1994; 271: 665–671.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Toossi Z. Cytokine circuits in tuberculosis. Infect Agents Dis 1996; 5: 98–107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Takashima T, Ueta C, Tsuyuguchi I, Kishimoto S. Production of tumor necrosis factor by monocytes from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 3286–3292.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wallis RS, Vjecha M, Amir-Tahmasseb M, Okwera A, Byekwaso F, Nyole S, et al. Influence of tuberculosis on human immunodeficiency virus enhanced cytokine expression and elevated 32-microglobulin in HIV-1-associated tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 43–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Ogawa T, Uchida H, Kusumoto Y, Mori Y, Yamamura Y, Hamada S. Increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 secreting cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subject infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 3021–3025.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hirsch CS, Hussain R, Toossi Z, Dawood G, Shahid F, Ellner JJ. Cross-modulation by transforming growth factor beta in human tuberculosis: suppression of antigen-driven blastogenesis and interferon gamma production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 3193–3198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Toossi Z, Gogate P, Shiratsuchi H, Young T, Ellner JJ. Enhanced production of transforming growth fatctor-ß (TGF-(3) by blood monocytes from patients with active tuberculosis and the presence of TGF-13 in tuberculous granulomatous lungs lesions. J Immunol 1995; 54: 465–473.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Kindler V, Sappino AP, Grau GE, Piguet PF, Vassalli P. The inducing role of tumor necrosis factor in the development of bactericidal granulomas during BCG infection. Cell 1989; 56: 731–740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Valone SE, Rich EA, Wallis RS, Ellner J. Expression of tumor necrosis factor a in-vitro by human mononuclear phagocytes stimulated with whole Mycobacterium bovis BCG and mycobacterial antigens. Infect Immun 1988; 56: 3313–3315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Nkhoma WA, Harries AD, Reeve PA, Nyangulu DS, Wirima JJ. Nutrition in pulmonary tuberculosis: a comparison of African patients from Malawi and Nigeria. East Afr Med J 1987; 64: 643–647.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Harries AD, Nkhoma WA, Thompson PJ, Nyangulu DS, Wirima JJ. Nutritional status in Malawian patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and response to chemotherapy. Eur J Clin Nutr 1988; 42: 445–450.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Kennedy N, Ramsay A, Uiso L, Gutmann J, Ngowi FI, Gillespie SH. Nutritional status and weight gain in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Tanzania. Trans R Soy Trop Med Hyg 1996; 90: 162–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Onwubalili JK. Malnutrition among tuberculous patients in Harrow, England. Eur J Clin Nutr 1988; 42: 363–366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Macallan DC, McNurlan MA, Kurpad AV, de Souza G, Shetty PS, Calder AG, Griffin GE. Whole body protein metabolism in human pulmonary tuberculosis and undernutrition: evidence for anabolic block in tuberculosis. Clin Sci 1998; 94: 321–331.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Mehta JB, Fields CL, Byrd RP, Roy TM. Nutritional status and mortality in respiratory failure caused by tuberculosis. Tennessee Med 1996; (October):369–371.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Paton NI, Castello-Branco LR, Jenning G, et al. Impact of tuberculosis on the body composition of HIV-infected men in Brazil. J Acquired Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1999; 20: 265–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Shimeles D, Lulseged S. Clinical profile and pattern of infection in Ethiopian children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. East Afr Med J 1994; 71: 264–267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Adegbola RA, Falade AG, Sam BE, Aidoo M, Baldeh I, Hazlett D, et al. The etiology of pneumonia in malnourished and well-nourished Gambian children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13: 975–982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ikeogu MO, Wolf B, Mathe S. Pulmonary manifestations in HIV seropositivity and malnutrition in Zimbabwe. Arch Dis Child 1997; 76: 124–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Chan J, Tian Y, Tanaka KE, Tsang MS, Yu K, Salgame P, et al. Effects of protein calorie malnutrition on tuberculosis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:14, 857–14, 861.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Doherty ML, Monaghan ML, Bassett HF, Quinn PJ, Davis WC. Effect of dietary restriction on cell-mediated immune responses in cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 49: 307–320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Bartow RA, McMurray DN. Erythrocyte receptor (CD2)-bearing T lymphocytes are affected by diet in experimental pulmonary tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 1843–1847.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. McMurray DN, Bartow RA Immunosuppression and alteration of resistance to pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea pigs by protein undernutrition. J Nutr 1992; 122: 738–743.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Getz HR, Koerner TA. Vitamin A and ascorbic acid in pulmonary tuberculosis. Determination in plasma by the photoelectric colorimeter. Am J Med Sci 1941; 202:831–847.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Getz HR, Westfall IS, Henderson HJ. Nutrition in tuberculosis as evaluated by blood analysis. Am Rev Tuberc 1944; 50: 96–111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Prokopiev DI. Vitamin A content and carotene in blood plasma in pulmonary tuberculosis. Ter Arkh 1966; 38: 54–59.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Evans DIK, Attock B. Folate deficiency in pulmonary tuberculosis: relationship to treatment and to serum vitamin A and beta-carotene. Tubercle 1971; 52: 288–294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Crimm PD, Short DM. Vitamin A content of the human liver in tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 1939; 13: 61–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Moore T, Sharman IM. Vitamin A levels in health and disease. Br J Nutr 1951; 5: 119–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Getz HR, Hildebrand GB, Finn M. Vitamin A deficiency in normal and tuberculous persons as indicated by the biophotometer. JAMA 1939; 112: 1308–1311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Harris R, Harter JS. Night blindness and vitamin A deficiency in pulmonary tuberculosis. South Med J 1940; 33: 1064–1065.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Solon FS, Popkin BM, Fernandez TL, Latham MC. Vitamin A deficiency in the Philippines: a study of xerophthalmia in Cebu. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 360–368.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Breese BB, Watkins E, McCoord AB. The absorption of vitamin A in tuberculosis. JAMA 1942; 119: 3–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Rwangabwoba JM, Fischman H, Semba RD. Serum vitamin A levels during tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Intl J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2: 771–773.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Smith MI. Studies on nutrition in experimental tuberculosis. I. The effect of fat-soluble A vitamine on tuberculosis of the guinea pig, with especial reference to the value of codliver oil in experimental tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc 1923; 7: 33–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Steiner M, Greene MR, Kramer B. The effect of vitamin-A deficiency on experimental tuberculosis in the guinea pig and rabbit. Am Rev Tuberc 1937; 36: 222–238.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Otero PM, Koppisch E, Axtmayer JH. Influence of dietary factors upon the resistance of the white rat to experimental tuberculosis. I. Vitamin A deficiency. Puerto Rico J Public Health Trop Med 1934; 9: 314–320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Gloyne SR, Page DS. A preliminary note on the relationship between deficiency in vitamin A and tuberculosis. Tubercle 1921; 3: 577–579.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Sriramachari S, Gopalan C. Nutrition and tuberculosis: effect of some nutritional factors on resistance to tuberculosis. Indian J Med Res 1958; 46: 105–112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Hagedorn K. Versuche an Ratten über den Einfluß des Vitaminmangels auf den Verlauf der Tuberkulose. Beitr Klin Tuberk spezif Tuberk Forsch 1928; 70:389–407, 1929; 72: 1–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Finkelstein MH. Effect of carotene on course of B. tuberculosis infection of mice fed on a vitamin A deficient diet. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1932; 29: 969–971.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Solotorovsky M, Squibb RL, Wogan GN, Siegel H, Gala R. The effect of dietary fat and vitamin A on avian tuberculosis in chicks. Am Rev Resp Dis 1961; 84: 226–235.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Wells JW. A Comparative Study of the Influence of Cod-Liver Oil, and Cod-Liver Oil Emulsion upon the Nutrition of Normal and Tuberculous Pigs. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1907.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Sklan D, Melamed D, Friedman A. The effect of varying levels of dietary vitamin A on immune response in the chick. Poult Sci 1994; 73: 843–847.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Crowle AJ, Ross EJ. Inhibition by retinoic acid of multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages. Infect Immun 1989; 57: 840–844.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Malkovsky M, Medawar PB. Is immunological tolerance (non-responsiveness) a consequence of interleukin-2 deficit during the recognition of antigen? Immunol Today 1984; 5: 340.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Malkovsky M, Medawar PB, Thatcher DR, Toy J, Hunt R, Rayfield LS, Dore C. Acquired immunological tolerance of foreign cells is impaired by recombinant interleukin 2 or vitamin A acetate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 536–538.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Ferraro F, Mattei M, Colizzi V. Low doses of recombinant interleukin-2 enhanced delayed type hypersensitivity to PPD in mice infected with Mycobacterium bovis-BCG and fed a diet supplemented with vitamin A acetate. Z Erkrank Atm org 1988; 171: 45–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Davies PDO. A possible link between vitamin D deficiency and impaired host defence to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 1985; 66: 301–304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Douglas AS, Strachan DP, Maxwell JD. Seasonality of tuberculosis: the reverse of other respiratory diseases in the UK. Thorax 1996; 51: 944–946.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Thomasset M. Vitamine D et systeme immunitaire. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1994; 42: 163–172.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Crowle AJ, Ross EJ, May MH. Inhibition by 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 of the multiplication of virulent tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages. Infect Immunity 1987; 55: 2945–2950.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Rook GA, Steele J, Fraher L, Barker S, Karmali R, O’Riordan J, Stanford J. Vitamin D3, gamma interferon, and control of proliferation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by human monocytes. Immunology 1986; 57: 159–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Rook GA, Taverne J, Steele J, Altes C, Stanford JL. Interferon gamma, cholecalciferol metabolites, and the regulation of anti-mycobacterial and immunopathological mechanisms in human and murine macrophages. Bull Intl Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1987; 62: 41.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Denis M. Killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within human monocytes: activation by cytokines and calcitriol. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 84: 200–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Crowle AJ, Salfinger M, May MH. 1,25(OH2)-vitamin D3 synergizes with pyrazinamide to kill tubercle bacilli in cultured human macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 549–552.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. McMurray DN, Bartow RA, Mintzer CL, Hernandez-Frontera E. Micronutrient status and immune function in tuberculosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1990; 587: 59–69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Hafiez AA, Abdel-Hafez MA, Salem D, Abdou MA, Helaly AA, Aarag AH. Calcium homeostasis in untreated pulmonary tuberculosis. Kekkaku 1990; 65: 308–316.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Bradley GW, Sterling GM. Hypercalcaemia and hypokalaemia in tuberculosis. Thorax 1978; 33: 464–467.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Davies PD, Church HA, Brown RC, Woodhead JS. Raised serum calcium in tuberculosis patients in Africa. Eur J Respir Dis 1987; 71: 341–344.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Fuss M, Karmali R, Pepersack T, Bergans A, Dierckx P, Prigogine T, et al. Are tuberculous patients at a great risk from hypercalcemia? Q J Med 1988; 69: 868–678.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Grange JM, Davies PD, Brown RC, Woodhead JS, Kardjito T. A study of vitamin D levels in Indonesian patients with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle 1985; 66: 187–191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Chan TY, Poon P, Pang J, Swaminathan R, Chan CH, Nisar M, Williams CS, Davies PD. A study of calcium and vitamin D metabolism in Chinese patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. J Trop Med Hyg 1994; 97: 26–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Davies PD, Church HA, Brown RC, Woodhead JS. Raised serum calcium in tuberculosis patients in Africa. Eur J Respir Dis 1987; 71: 341–344.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Davies PD, Brown RC, Woodhead JS. Serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in untreated tuberculosis. Thorax 1985; 40: 187–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Williams SE, Wardman AG, Taylor GA, Peacock M, Cooke JN. Long term study of the effect of rifampicin and isoniazid on vitamin D metabolism. Tubercle 1985; 66: 49–54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Kitrou MP, Phytou-Pallikari A, Tzannes Se, Virvidakis K, Mountokalakis TD. Serum calcium during chemotherapy for active pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur J Respir Dis 1983; 64: 347–354.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Brodie MJ, Boobis AR, Hillyard CJ, Abeyasekera G, MacIntyre I, Park BK. Effect of isoniazid on vitamin D metabolism and hepatic monooxygenase activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 30: 363–367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Perry W, Erooga MA, Brown J, Stamp TC. Calcium metabolism during rifampicin and isoniazid therapy for tuberculosis. J Roy Soc Med 1982; 75: 533–536.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Markkanen T, Levanto A. Sallinen V, Virtanen S. Folic acid and vitamin B12 in tuberculosis. Scand J Haemat 1967; 4: 283–291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Cameron SJ, Home NW. The effect of tuberculosis and its treatment on erythropoiesis and folate activity. Tubercle 1971; 52: 37–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Knox-Macaulay HHM. Serum cobalamin concentration in tuberculosis. A study in the Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Trop Geog Med 1990; 42: 146–150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Getz HR, Long ER, Henderson HJ. A study of the relation of nutrition to the development of tuberculosis. Influence of ascorbic acid and vitamin A. Am Rev Tuberc 1951; 64: 381–393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. McConkey M, Smith DT. The relation of vitamin C deficiency to intestinal tuberculosis in the guinea pig. J Exp Med 1933; 58: 503–512.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Finch PJ, Millard FJC, Maxwell JD. Risk of tuberculosis in immigrant Asians: culturally acquired immunodeficiency? Thorax 1991; 46: 1–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Strachan DP, Powell KJ, Thaker A, Millard FJC, Maxwell JD. Vegetarian diet as a risk factor for tuberculosis in immigrant south London Asians. Thorax 1995; 50: 175–180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Chanarin I, Stephenson E. Vegetarian diet and cobalamin deficiency: their association with tuberculosis. J Clin Pathol 1988; 41: 759–762.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. McMurray DN, Yetley EA. Response to Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccination in protein-and zinc-deficient guinea pigs. Infect Immun 1983; 39: 755–761.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Corr WP Jr, Kyle RA, Bowie EJW. Hematologic changes in tuberculosis. Am J Med Sci 1964; 248: 709–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Baynes BD, Flax H, Bothwell TH, Bezwoda WR, MacPhail AP, Atkinson P, Lewis D. Haematological and iron-related measurements in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Scand J Haematol 1986; 36: 280–287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Morris CDW, Bird AR, Nell H. The haematological and biochemical changes in severe pulmonary tuberculosis. Q J Med 1989; 272: 1151–1159.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Ramakrishnan CV, Rajendran K, Jacob PG, Fox W, Radhakrishna S. The role of diet in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. An evaluation in a controlled chemotherapy study in home and sanatorium patients in south India. Bull WHO 1961; 25: 339–359.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Downes J. An experiment in the control of tuberculosis among Negroes. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1950; 28: 127–159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Getz HR. A physiologic and clinical study of failures in vitamin A metabolism in tuberculous patients. Am Rev Tuberc Pulm Dis 1955; 72: 218–227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Hanekom WA, Potgieter S, Hughes EJ, Malan H, Kessow G, Hussey GD. Vitamin A status and therapy in childhood pulmonary tuberculosis. J Pediatr 1997; 131: 925–927.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Kent PT, Kubica GP. Public Health Mycobacteriology: A Guide for the Level III Laboratory. U.S. Department of Public Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  169. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. Technical guide for sputum examination for tuberculosis by direct microscopy. Bull Intl Union Against Tuber Lung Dis 1986; 61: 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Levy H, Feldman C, Sacho H, van der Meulen H, Kaltenbach J, Koornhof H. Reevaluation of sputum microscopy and culture in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 1989; 95: 1193–1197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Eisenach KD, Cave MD, Bates JH, Crawford JT. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of a repetitive DNA sequence specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 977–981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Anonymous. Biosafety in Microbiology and Biomedical Laboratories. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Bass JB, Farer LS, Hopewell PC, O’Brien R, Jacobs RF, Ruben F, Snider DE Jr, Thornton G. Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1359–1374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  174. American Thoracic Society. Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1359–1374.

    Google Scholar 

  175. McDonald RJ, Memon AM, Reichman LB. Successful supervised ambulatory management of tuberculosis treatment failure. Ann Intern Med 1982; 96: 297–302.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Chaulk CP, Moore-Rice K, Rizzo R, Chaisson RE. Eleven years of community-based directly observed therapy for tuberculosis. JAMA 1995; 274: 945–951.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Moore RD, Chaulk CP, Griffiths R, Cavalcante S, Chaisson RE. Cost-effectiveness of directly observed versus self-administered therapy for tuberculosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 1013–1019.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Caulk CP, Kazandjian VA. Directly observed therapy for treatment completion of pulmonary tuberculosis. Consensus statement of the Public Health Tuberculosis Guidelines Panel. JAMA 1998; 279: 943–948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Weis SE, Slocum PC, Blais FX, King B, Nunn M, Matney GB, Gomez E, Foresman BH. The effect of directly observed therapy on the rates of drug resistance and relapse in tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1179–1184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Zwarenstein M, Schoeman JH, Vundule C, Lombard CJ, Tatley M. Randomised controlled trial of self-supervised and directly observed treatment for tuberculosis. Lancet 1998; 352: 1340–1343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Ferebee SH. Controlled chemoprophylaxis trials in tuberculosis: a general review. Adv Tuberc Res 1970; 17: 28–106.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Pape JW, Jean SS, Ho JL, Hafner A, Johnson WD Jr. Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on incidence of active tuberculosis and progression of HIV infection. Lancet 1993; 342: 268–272.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Gordin FM, Matts JP, Miller C, Brown LS, Hafner R, John SL, et al. A controlled trial of isoniazid in persons with anergy and human immunodeficiency virus infection who are at high risk for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 315–320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Chaisson RE, Gordin F, Matts J, Garcia L, Hafner R, Obrien R. A randomized trial of rifampin/ pyrazinamide for 2 months vs. INH for 12 months in HIV+ tuberculin+ adults. Abstract 447/22126. Geneva: 12th World AIDS Conference, June 28—July3, 1998, Conference Record, p. 287.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Halsey NA, Coberly JS, Desormeaux J, Losikoff P, Atkinson J, Moulton LH, et al. Randomised trial of isoniazid versus rifampicin and pyrazinamide for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1998; 351: 786–792.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Rodrigues LA, Diwan VK, Wheeler JG. Protective effect of BCG against tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: a meta-analysis. Intl J Epidemiol 1993; 22: 1154–1158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for the prevention of the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities. MMWR 1994; 43: 1–111.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Segal-Maurer S, Kalkut GE. Environmental control of tuberculosis: continuing controversy. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 299–308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Christopher Whalen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard D. Semba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Ocular Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Richard D. Semba MD, MPH

  2. Helen Keller International — Regional Headquarters, Jakarta, Indonesia

    Martin W. Bloem MD, PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Whalen, C., Semba, R.D. (2001). Tuberculosis. In: Semba, R.D., Bloem, M.W. (eds) Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries. Nutrition ◊ and ◊ Health. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-225-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-225-8_9

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-6052-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-225-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation