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Gene Engineering in Endocrinology pp 135–151Cite as

Thyroid Hormone Receptor Family Members

Homodimers, Heterodimers, and Mechanisms of Transcriptional Repression

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Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE,volume 22))

Abstract

The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily. These receptors are hormone-dependent transcription factors that regulate gene transcription by binding to regulatory regions of DNA termed hormone response elements (HREs) (1). TR binds to DNA in the presence or absence of its ligand, triiodothyronine (T3), and is capable of upregulating or downregulating gene transcription depending on the nature of the underlying response element. Genes that are stimulated by T3 are regulated by positive thyroid hormone response elements (pTREs); genes that are repressed by T3 are regulated by negative thyroid hormone response elements (nTREs). nTREs are particularly important in feedback inhibition in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, and are present in the promoter regions of the TRH, thyroid stimulating hormone β (TSHβ), and common pituitary glycoprotein α-subunit genes. TR binds to TREs as monomer, homodimer, or heterodimer with thyroid hormone receptor accessory proteins (TRAPs). In addition, TR is capable of binding to other nuclear proteins, including corepressors and coactivators, which enable it to modulate the transcription of T3-dependent genes. Thus, the presence of associated nuclear factors, as well as the nature of the underlying DNA response element, enables TR to regulate gene expression differentially.

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Authors
  1. Ronald N. Cohen MD
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  2. Fredric E. Wondisford MD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA

    Margaret A. Shupnik PhD

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Cohen, R.N., Wondisford, F.E. (2000). Thyroid Hormone Receptor Family Members. In: Shupnik, M.A. (eds) Gene Engineering in Endocrinology. Contemporary Endocrinology, vol 22. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-221-0_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-221-0_8

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-147-9

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