Skip to main content
  • 235 Accesses

Abstract

Pituitary adenomas are benign tumors consisting of and arising from adenohypophyseal cells. Although endocrinological and morphological investigations on pituitary adenomas have yielded substantial data in the last decade, epidemiological studies have been limited (1–3). This chapter will review current knowledge of the epidemiological characteristics of pituitary adenoma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gold EB. Epidemiology of pituitary adenomas. Epidemiol Rev 1981;3:163–183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ambrosi B, Faglia G. Epidemiology of pituitary tumors. In: Faglia G, Beck-Peccoz P, Ambrosi B, Travaglini P, Spada A, eds. Pituitary Adenomas: New Trends in Basic and Clinical Research. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1991, pp. 159–168.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Faglia G. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. Acta Endocrinol 1993;129(Suppl):l–5.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Schoenberg BS, Christine BW, Whisnant JP. The descriptive epidemiology of primary intracranial neoplasms: Connecticut experience. Am J Epidemiol 1976;104:499–510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Percy AK, Elveback LR, Okazaki H, Kurland LT. Neoplasms of the central nervous system. Neurology 1972;22:40–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kurland LT. The frequency of intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms in the resident population of Rochester, Minnesota. J Neurosurg 1958;15:627–641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Annegers JF, Schoenberg BS, Okazaki H, Kurland LT. Epidemiologic study of primary intracranial neoplasms. Arch Neurol 1981;38:217–219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Heshman MY, Kovi J, Simpson C, Kennedy J, Fan KJ. Neoplasms of the central nervous system. Incidence and population selectivity in the Washington DC, Metropolitan area. Cancer 1976;38: 2135–2142.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Fan K-J, Kovi J, Earle KM. The ethnic distribution of primary central nervous system tumors: AFIP, 1958 to 1970. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 1977;36:41–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Walker AE, Robins M, Weinfeld FD. Epidemiology of brain tumors: the national survey of intracranial neoplasms. Neurology 1985; 35:219–226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Radhakrishnan K, Mokri B, Parisi JE, O’Fallon WM, Sunku J, Kurland LT. The trends in incidence of primary brain tumors in the population of Rochester, Minnesota. Ann Neurol 1995;37:67–73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Maroun FB, Jacob JC. The frequency of intracranial neoplasms in Newfoundland. Can J Public Health 1973;64:53–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Joensen P. Incidence of primary intracranial neoplasms in an isolated population (The faroese) during the period 1962–1975. Acta Neurol Scand 1981;64:74–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Gudmundsson KR. A survey of tumors of the central nervous system in Iceland during the 10-year period 1954–1963. Acta Neurol Scand 1970;46:538–552.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Lovaste MG, Ferrari G, Rossi G. Epidemiology of primary intracranial neoplasms. Experiment in the province of Trento (Italy), 1977–1984. Neuroepidemiology 1986;5:220–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Leibowitz U, Yablonski M, Alter M. Tumors of the nervous system. J Chron Dis 1971;23:707–721.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ramamurthi B. Intracranial tumors in India: incidence and variations. Int Surg 1973;58:542–547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Dastur DK, Lalitha VS, Prabhakar V. Pathological analysis of intracranial space-occupying lesions in 1000 cases including children. Part 1. age, sex and pattern; and tuberculomas. J Neurol Sci 1968;6:575–592.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Weinman DF. Incidence and behavior pattern of intracranial tumors in Ceylon. Int Surg 1973;58:548–554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Shuangshoti S, Panyathanya R. Neural neoplasms in Thailand: a study of 2897 cases. Neurology 1974;24:1127–1134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Wen HL, Cheung SYC. Incidence of tumors in the nervous system in Hong Kong. Int Surg 1973;58:555–556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cheng MK. Brain tumors in the People’s Republic of China: a statistical review. Neurosurgery 1982;10:16–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wenqing H, Shiju Z, Qingsheng T, Jianqing H, Yuxia L, Qingzhong X, et al. Statistical analysis of central nervous system tumors in China. J Neurosurg 1982;56:555–564.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shih C-J. Intracranial tumors in Taiwan. A cooperative survey of 1,200 cases with special reference to intracranial tumors in children. J Formosan Med Assoc 1977;76:301–310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kepes JJ, Chen WYK, Pang LC, Kepes M. Tumors of the central nervous system in Taiwan, Republic of China. Surg Neurol 1884;22:149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hwang SL, Howng SL. An analysis of brain tumors in south Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1992;8:656–664.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lana-Peixoto MA, Pittella JEH, Arouca EMG. Tumores primarios intracranianos. ARQ (San Paulo) 1981;39:13–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sano K. Incidence of primary tumors (1969–1983) In: Brain Tumor Registry of Japan. Neurologia Medico Chirurgica, 37. Special Issue, 1992, pp. 391–441.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Kuratsu J, Ushio Y. Epidemiological study of primary intracranial tumors: a regional survey in Kumamoto Prefecture in the southern part of Japan. J Neurosurg 1996;84:946–950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cushing HW. Intracranial Tumours. Notes upon a Series of Two Thousand Verified Cases with Surgical Mortality Percentages Pertaining Thereto. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1932, p. 150.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Courville BC. Pathology of the Central Nervous System, 2nd ed. Pacific Press, Palo Alto, CA, 1945, p. 351.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Olivecrona H. The cerebellar angioreticulomas. J Neurosurg 1952;9:317–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Razdlovsky EY. Tumors of the Brain. Izdatelstvo Meditsina, Moscow, 1954,pp. 12–13, 206–207.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Grant FC. A study of the results of surgical treatment in 2,326 consecutive patients with brain tumor. J Neurosurg 1956;13:479–488.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zimmerman HM. Brain tumors: their incidence and classification in man and their experimental production. Ann NY Acad Sci 1969;159:337–359.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Zulch KJ. Brain tumors. Their Biology and Pathology, 3rd ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Christy NP. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors. In: Beeson PB, McDermott W, eds. Textbook of Medicine, 14th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1975, pp. 1687–1689.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Annegers JF, Coulam CB, Abboud CF, Laws ER Jr, Kurland LT. Pituitary adenomas in Olmsted country, Minnesota, 1935–1977. Mayo Clin Proc 1978;53:641–643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Brewis M, Poskanzer DC, Rolland C, Miller H. Neurological disease in an English city. Acta Neurol Scand 1966;42(Suppl):21–23, 41–46.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Robinson N, Beral V, Ashley JS. Incidence of pituitary adenoma in women. Lancet 1979;22:630.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Batrinos ML, Panitsa FC, Tsiganou E, Liapi C. Incidence and characteristics of microprolactinomas (3–5 mm) in 4199 women assayed for prolactin. Horm Metab Res 1992;24:384–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Katayanagi N, Miyachi Y. Statistical survey of prolactin producing tumor in Japan. Nippon Rinsho 5l(Suppl):33–38,1993 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Alexander L, Appleton D, Hall R, Ross WM, Wilkinson R. Epidemiology of acromegaly in The Newcastle region. Clin Endocrinol 1980;12:71–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Ritchie CM, Atkinson AB, Kennedy AL, Lyons AR, Gordon DS, Fannin T, et al. Ascertainment and natural history of treated acromegaly in Northern Ireland. Ulster Med J 1990;59:55–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Etxabe J, Gaztambide S, Latorre P, Vazquez JA. Acromegaly: an epidemiological study. J Endocrinol Invest 1993;16:181–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Bengtsson BA, Eden S, Ernest I, Oden A, Sjogren B. Epidemiology and long-term survival in acromegaly. A study of 166 cases diagnosed between 1995 and 1984. Acta Med Scand 1988;223: 327–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Etxabe J, Vazquez JA. Morbidity and mortality in Cushing’s disease: an epidemiological approach. Clin Endocrinol 1994;40:479–484.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Greig NH, Ries LG, Yancik R, Rapoport SI. Increasing annual incidence of primary malignant brain tumors in the elderly. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:1621–1624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Davis DL, Ahlbom A, Hoel D, Percy C. Is brain cancer mortality increasing in industrial countries? Am J Ind Med 1991; 19:421–431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Doll R, Peto R. The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981;66:1191–1308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Helseth A. The incidence of primary central nervous system neoplasms before and after computerized tomography availability. J Neurosurg 1995;83:999–1003.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Collins WF. Adenomas of the pituitary gland-an epidemic? Surg Clin North Am 1980;60:1201–1206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mindermann T, Wilson CB. Age-related and gender-related occurrence of pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol 1994;41:359–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Terada T, Kovacs K, Stefaneanu L, Horvath E. Incidence, pathology, and recurrence of pituitary adenomas: study of 647 unselected surgical cases. Endocrinol Pathol 1995;6:301–310.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Horvath E, Kovacs K. The adenohypophysis. In: Kovacs K, Asa SL, eds. Functioning Endocrine Pathology, vol. 1. Blackwell, Boston, 1990, pp. 245–281.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Yamada S, Aiba T, Horvath E, Kovacs K. Morphological study of clinically nonsecreting pituitary adenomas in patients under 40 years of age. J Neurosurg 1991;75:902–905.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Yamada S, Aiba T, Sano T, Kovacs K, Shishiba Y, Sawano S, Takada K. Growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas: correlations between clinical characteristics and morphology. Neurosurgery 1993;33:20–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Trouillas J, Girod C. Adenomes hypophysaires: histologie et cytologic Encyclopedic Medico-Chirurgicale (Paris) 10–023-A-10, 1994, pp. 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kameya T. Classification of pituitary adenomas: proposal of a new classification by surgical pathologist. Horumon To Rhinsho 44(Suppl):26–29, 1996 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Osamura RY, Sanno N, Teramoto A. Clinical and cytofunctional classification of pituitary adenomas: proposal of a new classification [Editorial]. Endocrinol Pathol 1995;6:253–256.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Horvath E, Lloyd RV. The WHO classification of adenohypophysial neoplasms: a proposed five-tier scheme. Cancer 1996;78:502–510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Kovacs K, Horvath E. Tumors of the pituitary gland. In: Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Fascicle 21, 2nd ser. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Vallar L, Spada A, Giannattasio G. Altered Gs and adenylate cyclase activity in human GH secreting pituitary tumors. Nature 1987; 330:566–567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Landis CA, Masters SB, Spada, A, Pace AM, Bourne HR, Vallar L. GTPase inhibiting mutations activate the alpha chain of Gs and stimulate adenyl cyclase in human pituitary tumors. Nature 1989;340:692–696.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Yoshimoto K, Iwahana H, Fukuda A, Sano T, Itakura M. Rare mutations of the Gs alpha subunit gene in human endocrine tumors. Cancer 1993;72:1386–1393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hosoi E, Yokogoshi Y, Hosoi E, Horie H, Sano T, Yamada S, et al. Analysis of the Gs a gene in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas by the polymerase chain reaction-direct sequencing method using paraffin-embedded tissues. Acta Endocrinol 1993; 129:301–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Erdheim J, Stumme E. Uber die Schwangelschaftsveranderung der Hypophyse. Beitr Pathol Anat 1909;46:1–132.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Susman W. Pituitary adenomas. Br Med J 1933;2:1215.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Costello RT. Subclinical adenoma of the pituitary gland. Am J Pathol 1936;12:205–215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Close HG. The incidences of adenomas of the pituitary body in some types of new growth. Lancet 1934;1:732–734.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Sommers SC. Pituitary cell relations to body states. Lab Invest 1958;8:588–621.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Hardy J. Transsphenoidal microsurgery of the normal and pathological pituitary. Clin Neurosurg 1969;16:185–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. McCormick WF, Halmi NS. Absence of chromophobe adenomas from a large series of pituitary tumors. Arch Pathol 1971;92: 231–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Haugen O A. Pituitary adenomas and the histology of the prostate in elderly men. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand, Section A 1973;81: 425–434.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Landolt AM. Biology of pituitary microadenomas. In: Faglia G, Giovanelli MA, MacLeod RM, eds. Pituitary Microadenomas. Academic, New York, 1980, pp. 107–122.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Kovacs K, Ryan N, Horvath E, Singer W, Ezrin C. Pituitary adenomas in old age. J Gerontol 1980;35:16–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Parent AD, Bebin J, Smith RR. Incidental pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 1981;54:228–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mosca L, Solcia E, Capella C, Buffa R. Pituitary adenomas: surgical versus post mortem findings today. Proc Serono Symp 1980;29: 137–142.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Burrow GN, Wortzman G, Rewcastle NB, Holgatw RC, Kovacs K. Microadenomas of the pituitary and abnormal sellar tomograms in an unselected autopsy series. N Engl J Med 1981;304:156–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Teramoto A, Tamura A, Hori T, Sano K, Hirakawa K, Osamura Y, et al. Subclinical pituitary microadenoma. No To Shinkei 1981; 33:625–632 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Muhr C, Bergstrom K, Grimelius L, Larsson SG. A parallel study of the roentgen anatomy of the sella turcica and the histopathology of the pituitary gland in 205 autopsy specimens. Neuroradiology 1981;21:55–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Chambers EF, Turski PA, LaMasters D, Newton TH. Regions of low density in the contrast-enhanced pituitary gland: normal and pathologic processes. Radiology 1982;144:109–113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Schwesinger G, Warzok R. Hyperplasien und adenome der hypophyse im unselektierten sektionsgut. Zentralbl Allg Pathol 1982;126:495–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kontogeorgos G, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Scheithauer BW. Multiple adenomas of the human pituitary. A retrospective autopsy study with clinical implications. J Neurosurg 1991;74:243–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Uei Y, Kanzaki M, Yabana T. Incidental adenomas of the human pituitary gland. Endocr Pathol 1994;5:90–99.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kontogeorgos G, Scheithauer BW, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Lloid RV, Smyth HS, et al. Double adenomas of the pituitary: a clinicopatho-logical study of 11 tumors. Neurosurgery 1992;31:840–849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. McComb DJ, Ryan N, Horvath E, Kovacs K. Subclinical adenomas of the human pituitary. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1983;107:488–491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lloyd RV, Lin L, Fields K, Kulig E. Effects of estrogens on pituitary cell and pituitary tumor growth. Pathol Res Pract 1991; 187: 584–586.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hall WA, Luciano MG, Doppman JL, Patronas NJ, Oldfield EH. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:817–820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hoffman HJ. Pituitary adenomas. In: American Association of Neurological Surgeons: Pediatric Neurosurgery: Surgery of the Developing Nervous System. Grune & Stratton, New York, 1982, pp. 493–499.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Matson DD. Neurosurgery of Infancy and Childhood, 2nd ed. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1969, pp. 403–409.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Haddad SF, VanGilder JC, Menezes AH. Pediatric pituitary tumors. Neurosurgery 1991;29:509–514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ludeche DK, Herrmann HD, Schulte FJ. Special problems with neurosurgical treatment of hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas in children. Prog Exp Tumor Res 1987;30:362–370.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Kane LA, Leinung MC, Scheithauer BW, Bergstralh EJ, Laws ER Jr, Groover RV, et al. Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1135–1140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Partington MD, Davis DH, Laws ER Jr, Scheithauer BW. Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence. J Neurosurg 1994;80: 209–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Levy SR, Wynne CV Jr, Lorentz WB Jr. Cushing’s syndrome in infancy secondary to pituitary adenoma. Am J Dis Child 1982; 136:605–607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Sumner TE, Volberg FM. Cushing’s syndrome in infancy due to pituitary adenoma. Pediatr Radiol 1982;12:81–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Stegner H, Ludecke DK, Kadrnka-Lovrencic M, Stahnke N, Willig RP. Cushing’s disease due to an unusually large adenoma of the pituitary gland in infancy. Eur J Pediatr 1985;143:221–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Blumberg DL, Skiar CA, David R, Rothenberg S, Bell J. Acromegaly in an infant. Pediatrics 1989;83:998–1002.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Mindermann T, Wilson CB. Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1995;8:79–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Styne DM, Grumbach MM, Kaplan SL, Wilson CB, Conte FA. Treatment of Cushing’s disease in childhood and adolescence by transsphenoidal microadenomectomy. N Engl J Med 1984;310: 889–893.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Thomas CG, Smith AT, Griffiths JM, Askin FB. Hyperadrenalism in childhood and adolescence. Ann Surg 1984;199:538–548.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Scheithauer BW, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Laws ER Jr, Randall RV, Ryan N. Plurihormonal pituitary adenomas. Semin Diagn Pathol 1986;3:69–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Martins AN, Hayes GJ, Kempe LG. Invasive pituitary adenomas. J Neurosurg 1965;22:268–276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Ortiz-Suarez H, Erickson DL. Pituitary adenomas of adolescents. J Neurosurg 1975;43:437–439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Richmond IL, Wilson CB. Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence. J Neurosurg 1978;49:163–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Herman V, Fagin J, Consky R, Kovacs K, Melmed S. Clonal origin of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:1427–1433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Schulte H, Oldfild EH, Allolio B, Katz DA, Merkman RA, Unnissa A. Clonal composition of pituitary adenomas in patients with Cushing’s disease: Determination by X-chromosome inactivation analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:1302–1308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Alexander JM, Biller BMK, Bikkal H, Zervas N, Arnold A, Klibanski A. Clinical nonfunctioning pituitary tumors are monoclonal in origin. J Clin Invest 1990;86:336–340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Boggild MD, Jenkinson S, Pistorello M, Boscard M, Scanarini M, McTernan P, et al. Molecular genetic studies of sporadic pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78:387–392.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Tordjman K, Stern N, Ouaknine G, Yossiphov Y, Razon N, Nordenskjold M, et al. Activating mutations of the Gs alpha gene in nonfunctioning pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77:765–769.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Landis CA, Harsh G, Lyons J, Davis RL, McCormick F, Bourne HR. Clinical characteristics of acromegalic patients whose pituitary tumors contain mutant Gs protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:1416–1420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Spada A, Arosio M, Bochicchio D, Bassoni N, Vallar L, Bassetti M, et al. Clinical, biochemical, and morphological correlates in patients bearing growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumors with or without constitutively active adenyl cyclase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;71:1421–1426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Yang I, Park S, Ryu M, Woo J, Kim S, Kim J, et al. Characteristics of gsp positive growth hormone-secreting pituitary tumors in Korean acromegalic patients. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;137:720–726.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Asa SL, Ezzat S. The cytogenesis and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. Endocr Rev 1998;19:798–827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Cai WY, Alexander JM, Hedley-Whyte ET, Scheithauer BW, Jameson JL, Zervas NT, et al. Ras mutations in human prolactinomas and pituitary carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78:89–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Pei L, Melmed S. Isolation and characterization of apituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG). Mol Endocrinol 1997; 11:433–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Melmed S. Pathogenesis of pituitary tumor, in Advances in the management of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1999;28:1–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Larsson C, Skogseid B, Oberg K, Nakamura Y, Nordenskjold MC. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 gene maps to chromosome 11 and is lost in insulinoma. Nature 1988;332:85–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Chandrasekharappa SC, Guru SC, Manickam P, Olufemi SE, Collins FS, Emmert-Buck MR, et al. Positional cloning of the gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1. Science 1997;276:404–407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Agarwal SK, Kester MB, Debelenko LV, Heppner C, Emmert-Buck MR, Skarulis MC, et al. Germline mutation of the MEN1 gene in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related states. Hum Mol Genet 1997;6:1169–1175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Tanaka C, Yoshimoto K, Yamada S, Nishioka H, Ii S, Moritani M, et al. Absence of germ-line mutations of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MENJ) gene in familial pituitary adenoma in contrast to MEN1 in Japanese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:960–965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Yamada S, Yoshimoto K, Sano T, Takada K, Itakura M, Usui M, et al. Inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene llql3 in brothers with familial acrogigantism without multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:239–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Tanaka C, Kimura T, Yang P, Moritani M, Yamada S, Sano T, et al. Analysis of loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 11 and infrequent inactivation of the MEN1 gene in sporadic pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2631–2634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Zhu J, Leon SP, Beggs AH, Busque L, Gilliland DG, Black PM. Human pituitary adenomas show no loss of heterozygosity at the retinoblastoma gene locus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;78: 922–927.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Levy A, Hall L, Yeundall WA, Lightman SL. p53 gene mutations in pituitary adenomas: rare events. Clin Endocrinol 1994;41:809–814.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Tanaka C, Yoshimoto K, Yang P, Kimura T, Yamada S, Moritani M, et al. Infrequent mutations of p27kipl gene and trisomy 12 in a subset of human pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3141–3147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Takino H, Herman V, Weiss M, Melmed S. Purine-binding factor (nm23) gene expression in pituitary tumors: marker of adenoma invasiveness. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:1733–1738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Levy A, Lightman S. Growth hormone-releasing hormone transcripts in human pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74:1474–1476.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Webster J, Ham J, Bevan JS, ten-Horn CD, Scanlon MF. Preliminary characterization of growth factors secreted by human pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:687–692.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Jones TH, Justices S, Price A, Chapman K. Interleukin-6 secreting human pituitary adenomas in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;73:207–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Norvath E, Asa SL, Losinski NE, Price J, et al. Adenohypophyseal changes in mice transgenic for human growth hormone-releasing factors: A histological and immunocytochemical, and electron microscopic investigation. Endocrinology 1989;125:2710–2718.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Asa SL, Scheithauer BM, Bilbao JM, Horvath E, Ryan N, Kovacs K, et al. A case for hypothalamic acromegaly: a clinicopathological study of six patients with hypothalamic gangliocytomas producing growth hormone releasing factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 58:796–803.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Wingrave SJ, Kay CR, Vessey MP. Oral contraceptives and pituitary adenomas. Br Med J 1980;1:685–686.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Shy KK, McTiernan AM, Dating JR, Weiss NS. Oral contraceptive use and the occurrence of pituitary prolactinoma. JAMA 1983; 249:2204–2207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Corenblum B, Donovan L. The safety of physiological estrogen plus progestin replacement therapy and with oral contraceptive therapy in women with pathological hyperprolactinemia. Fertil Steril 1993;59:671–673.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Kovacs K, Horvath E, Kerenyi NA. Intracisternal virus-like particles in a human pituitary adenoma. Z Krebsforsch 1976;85: 111–115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yamada, S. (2001). Epidemiology of Pituitary Tumors. In: Thapar, K., Kovacs, K., Scheithauer, B.W., Lloyd, R.V. (eds) Diagnosis and Management of Pituitary Tumors. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-217-3_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-217-3_4

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9693-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-217-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics