Skip to main content

Human Neuropsychological Testing and Evaluation

  • Chapter
  • 173 Accesses

Abstract

Psychology reflects the scientific study of behavior, in human as well as in animal models. From a very early time, people have noticed and have been interested in the concept of individual differences. Aristotle directly commented on this with reference to the idea that intelligence is not equally distributed in all organisms (1). Individual differences more accurately characterize behavior than does commonality. Yet, the availability of this “fact” of behavior to scientific study was debated for hundreds of years. It was not until the nineteenth century that any meaningful scientific method of inquiry was applied to variable behaviors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Murphy, G. (1949) Historical Introduction to Modern Psychology. Harcourt, Brace & World, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hilgard, E. R. (ed.) (1978) American Psychology in Historical Perspective: Addresses of the Presidents of the American Psychological Association. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Mohr, J. P. (1976) Broca’s area and Broca’s aphasia, in Studies in Neurolinguistics (Whitaker, H. and Whitaker, H. A., eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 201–235.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rozensky, R. H., Sweet, J. J., and Tovian, S. M. (1997) Psychological Assessment in Medical Settings. Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Matarazzo, J. D. (1972) Wechsler’s Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence, 5th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Wilson, R. S. and Stebbins, G. T. (1991) Estimating premorbid and preexisting neuropsychological deficits, in Forensic Neuropsychology: Legal and Scientific Bases ( Doer, H. O. and Carlin, A. S., eds.), Guilford Press, New York, pp. 89–98.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Nelson, N. E. and O’Connell, A. (1978) Dementia: the estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test. Cortex 14, 234–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Stebbins, G. T., Gilley, D. W., Wilson, R. S., Bernard, B. A., and Fox, J. H. (1990) Effects of language disturbances on premorbid estiamtes of IQ in mild dementia. Clin. Neuropsychol. 4, 64–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Barona, A., Reynolds, C. R., and Chastain, R. (1984) A demographically based index of premorbid intelligence for the WAIS-R. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 52, 885–887.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Eppinger, M. G., Craig, P. L., Adams, R. L., and Parsons, O. A. (1987) The WAIS-R index for estimating premorbid intelligence: Cross-validation and clinical utility. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 55, 86–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. American Psychological Association (1985) Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. APA, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Anastasi, A. (1976) Psychological Testing, 4th ed. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cronbach, L. J. (1951) Coefficient alpha and the internal consistency of tests. Psychometrika 16, 297–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kuder, G. F. and Richardson, M. W. (1937) The theory of the estimation of test reliability. Psychometrika 2, 151–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Walker, H. M., and Lev, J. (1953) Statistical Inference. Holt, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  16. Mitchell, J. V., Jr. (ed.) (1998) The Mental Measurements Yearbook. Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Buros Institute of Mental Measurements (1999) Tests in Print. Buros Institute of Mental Measurements, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Campbell, D. T., and Fiske, D. W. (1959) Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitraìt-multimethod matrix. Psychol. Bull. 56, 81–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kraemer, H. C. (1982) Estimating false alarms and missed events from interobserver agreement: comment on Kaye. Psychol. Bull. 92, 749–754.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Reitan, R. M. (1955) Investigation of the validity of Halstead’s measures of biological intelligence. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 73, 28–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Wilkinson, G. S. (1993) Administration Manual for the Wide Range Achievement Test. Wide Range, Wilmington, DE.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cronbach, L. J. (1988) Five perspectives on validity argument, in Test Validity ( Wainer, H., and Braun, H. I., eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Wilson, B. A. (1993) Ecological validity of neuropsychological assessment: do neuropsychological indexes predict performance in everyday activities? Appl. Prevent. Psychol. 2, 209–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Cronbach, L. J. (1984) Essentials of Psychological Testing. Harper and Row, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Adams, K. M. and Rourke, B. P. (1992) The TCN Guide to Professional Practice in Clinical Neuropsychology. Swets & Zeitlinger, Berwyn, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Division 40 Task Force on Education, Accreditation, and Credentialing (1989) Guidelines regarding the use of nondoctoral personnel in clinical neuropsychological assessment. Clin. Neuropsychol. 3, 23–24.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Whipple, G. M. (1914) Manual of Mental and Physical Tests. Warwick and York, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Berent, S. (1986) Modern approaches to neuropsychological testing, in Advances in Neurology ( Smith, D., Treiman, D., and Trimble, M., eds.), Raven Press, New York, pp. 423–434.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Gouvier, W. D. (1999) Base rates and clinical decision making in neuropsychology, in Forensic Neuropsychology: Fundamentals and Practice ( Sweet, J. J., ed.), Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, Netherlands, pp. 27–37.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Larry P v Riles, No. C-71–2270 RFP (1979), aff’d, No. 80–4027 DC No. CV 71–3370 (9th Cir. 1984 )

    Google Scholar 

  31. Brescia, W. and Fortune, J. C. (1989) Standardized testing of American Indian students. College Student J. 23, 98–104.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Loewenstein, D. A., Arguelles, T., Arguelles, S., and Linn-Fuentes, P. (1994) Potential cultural bias in the neuropsychological assessment of the older adult. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 16, 623–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hinkle, J. S. (1994) Practitioners and cross-cultural assessment: a practical guide to information and training. Measure. Eval. Counsel. Dev. 27, 103–115.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Deutsch, M., Fishman, J. A., Kogan, L., North, R., and Whiteman, M. (1964) Guidelines for testing minority group children. J. Social Issues 20, 129–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Dunn, J. T., Lees-Haley, P. R., Brown, R. S., and Williams, C. W. (1995) Neurotoxic complaint base rates of personal injury claimants: implications for neuropsychological assessment. J. Clin. Psychol. 51, 577–584.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Lees-Haley, P. R. (1992) Neuropsychological complaint base rates of personal injury claimants. Forensic Rep. 5, 385–391.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cullum, C. M., Heaton, R. K., and Grant, I. (1991) Psychogenic factors influencing neuropsychological performance: somatoform disorders, factitious disorders, and malingering, in Forensic Neuropsychology: Legal and Scientific Bases ( Doeer, H. O. and Carlin, A. S., eds.), Guilford Press, New York, pp. 141–171.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Trueblood, W. and Schmidt, M. (1993) Malingering and other validity considers in the neuropsychological evaluation of mild head injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 15, 578–590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Binder, L. (1993) Assessment of malignering after mild head trauma with the Portland Digit Recognition Test. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 15, 170–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lees-Haley, P.R. and Brown, R.S. (1993) Neuropsychological complaint base rates of 170 personal injury claimants. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 8, 203–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lee, G. P., Loring, D. W., and Martin, R. C. (1991) Rey’s 15-item visual memory test for the detection of malingering: normative observations on patients with neurological disorders. Paper presented at the 19th annual meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, San Antonio, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Sweet, J. J. (1999) Malingering: differential diagnosis, in Forensic Neuropsychology: Fundamentals and Oractice ( Sweet, J. J., ed.), Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp. 255–285.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Klonoff, P.S. and Lamb, D.G. (1998) Mild head injury, significant impairment on neuropsychological test scores, and psychiatric disability. Clin. Neuropsychol. 12, 31–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Youngjohn, J. R., Lees-Haley, P. R., and Binder, L. M. (1999) Comment: Warning malingerers produces more sophisticated malingering. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 14, 511–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kazdin, A. E. (1998) Research Design in Clinical Psychology, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Reynolds, C. R. and Brown, R. T. (eds.) (1984) Perspectives on Bias in Mental Testing. Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Stern, W. (1911) Die Differentielle Psychologie in Ihren Methodischen Grundlagen. J.A. Barth, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Dunlap, K. (1922) The Elements of Scientific Psychology. C. V. Mosby, St. Louis.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  49. Byar, D. P., Simon, R. M., Friedewald, W. T., Schlesselman, J. J., DeMets, D. L., Elenberg, J.H., Gail, M. H., and Ware, J. H. (1976) Randomized clinical trials: Perspectives on some recent ideas. N. Engl. J. Med. 295, 74–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Stanton, M. E. and Spear, L. P. (1990) Workshop on the qualitative and quantitative comparability of human and animal developmental neurotoxicity. Work Group I report: comparability of measures of developmental neurotoxicity in humans and laboratory animals. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 12, 261–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kimbrough, R. D. (1995) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and human health: an update. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 25, 133–163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Baelum, J. (1999) Acute symptoms during non-inhalation exposure to combinations of toluene, trichloroethylene, and n-hexane. Intl. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 72, 408–410.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. American Psychological Association (1987) Ethical Principles in the Conduct of Research with Human Participants. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Hsu, L. M. (1989) Random sampling, randomization, and equivalence of contrasted groups in psychotherapy outcome research. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 57, 131–137.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Schafer, A. (1985) The randomized clinical trial: for whose beneft. IRB: Rev. Human Sub. Res. 7, 4–6.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Weinstein, M. C. (1974) Allocation of subjects in medical experiments. N. Engl. J. Med. 291, 1278–1285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Freedman, B. (1987) Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research. N. Engl. J. Med. 317, 141–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Glabaud de Fort, G. E., Newman, S. C., and Bland, R. C. (1993) Psychiatric comorbidity and treatment seeking: sources of selection bias in the study of clinical populations. J. Nervous Mental Dis. 181, 467–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Cohr, K. H. (1985) Definition and practical limitation of the concept organic solvents, in Chronic Effects of Organic Solvents on the Central Nervous System and Diagnostic Criteria (Document 5) (Joint WHO/Nordic Council of Ministers Working Group, eds.), World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Baker, E.L., Jr. (1985) Epidemiologie issues in neurotoxicity research. Neurobehay. Toxicol. Teratol. 7, 293–297.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Hartman, D.E. (1991) Neuropsychology and the (neuro) toxic tort, in Forensic Neuropsychology: Fundamentals and Practice ( Sweet, J. J., ed.), Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, pp. 255–285.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Hill, A. B. (1965) The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc. R. Soc. Med. 58, 295–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. American Psychological Association (1992) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Rosenthal, R. and Rosnow, R. L. (1991) Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Rosenthal, R. and Rosnow, R. L. (1975) The Volunteer Subject. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Kraemer, H.C. (1992) Reporting the size of effects in research studies to facilitate assessment of practical or clinical significance. Psychoneuroendocrinology 17, 527–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lees-Haley, P. R. and Brown, R. S. (1992) Biases in perception and reporting following a perceived toxic exposure. Percept. Motor Skills 75, 531–544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Williams, C. W. and Lees-Haley, P. R. (1993) Perceived toxic exposure: a review of four cognitive influences on perception of illness. J. Social Behay. Personality 8, 489–506.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Myers, M. G., Cairns, J. A., and Singer, J. (1987) The consent form as a possible cause of side effects. Clin. Pharmacol. Therap. 42, 250–253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Spurgeon, A., Gompertz, D., and Harrington, J. M. (1996) Modifiers of non-specific symptoms in occupational and environmental syndromes. Occup. Environ. Med. 53, 361–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Johnson, B. L., Baker, E. L., Gilioli, R., Seppalainen, A. M., El Batawi, M., Hanninen, H., and Zintaras, C. (eds.) (1987) Prevention of Neurotoxic Illness in Working Populations. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Liang, Y.-X., Chen, Z.-Q., Sun, R.-K., Fang, Y.-F., and Yu, J.-H. (1990) Application of the WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery and other neurobehavioral screening methods, in Advances in Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Applications in Environmental and Occupational Health ( Johnson, B. L., ed.), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 225–243.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Letz, R. (1990) The Neurobehavioral Evaluation System: an international effort, in Advances in Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Applications in Environmental and Occupational Health ( Johnson, B. L., ed.), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 189–199.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Law, D., Lash, A. A., Bowler, R., Estrin, W., and Becker, C. E. (1990) Evaluation of the construct validity of examiner-administered and computer-administered neuropsychological tests, in Advances in Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Applications in Environmental and Occupational Health ( Johnson, B. L., ed.), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 263–271.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Axelsson, G. and Rylander, R. (1984) Use of questionnaires in occupational studies of pregnancy outcomes: validation of questionnaire reported miscarriage, malformation, and birth weight. Intl. J. Epidemiol. 13, 94–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Kihlstrom, J. (1995) From the subject’s point of view: the experiment as conversation and collarboration between investigator and subject. Keynote address presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Society, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Slosson, E. E. (1899) A lecture experiment in hallucinations. Psychol. Rev. 6, 407–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Dalton, P., Wysocki, C. J., Brody, M. J., and Lawley, H. J. (1997) The influence of cognitive bias on the perceived odor, irritation, and health symptoms from chemical exposure. Intl. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 69, 407–417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Koelega, H. S. and Koster, E. P. (1974) Some experiments on sex differences in odor perception. Ann. NYAcad. Sci. 237, 234–236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Eagly, A. H. (1983) Gender and social influence: A social psychological analysis. Am. Psychol. 38, 971–981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Citterio, A., Sinforiani, E., Verri, A., Cristina, S., Gerosa, E., and Nappi, G. (1998) Neurological symptoms of the sick building syndrome: analysis of a questionnaire. Funct. Neurol. 13, 225–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Stenberg, B. and Wall, S. (1995) Why do women report `sick building symptoms’ more often than men? Social Sci. Med. 40, 491–502.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Burge, S., Hedge, A., Wilson, S., Bass, J. J., and Robertson, A. (1987) Sick building syndrome: a study of 4343 office workers. Ann. Occup. Hygiene 31, 493–504.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Skov, P., Valbjorn, O., and Pedersen, B. V. (1989) The Danish Indoor Climate Study Group. Influence of personal characteristics, job-related factor and psychosocial factors on the sick building syndrome. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 15, 286–295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Ashford, N. A. and Miller, C. S. (1992) Chemical Exposures. Low Levels and High Stakes. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Gilbert, A. N., Sabini, J., and Knasko, S. C. (1997) Sex differences in task performance associated with attention to ambient odor. Arch. Environ. Health 52, 195–199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Roht, L. H., Vernon, S. W., Weir, F. W., Pier, S. M., Sullivan, P., and Reed, L. J. (1985) Community exposure to hazardous waste disposal sites: assessing reporting bias. Am. J. Epidemiol. 122, 418–433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ooi, P. L. and Goh, K. T. (1997) Sick building syndrome: an emerging stress-related disorder? Intl. J. Epidemiol. 26, 1243–1249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Benignus, V. A. (1993) Importance of experimenter-blind procedure in neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicol. and Teratol. 15, 45–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Carroll, K. M., Rounsaville, B. J., and Nich, C. (1994) Blind man’s bluff: effectiveness and significance of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy blinding procedures in a clinical trial. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 62, 276–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Margraf, J., Ehlers, A., Roth, W. T., Clark, D. B., Sheikh, J., Agras, W. S., and Taylor, C. B. (1991) How “blind” are double-blind studies? J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 46, 184–187.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Beatty, W. W. (1972) How blind is blind? A simple procedure for estimating observer naivete. Psychol. Bull. 78, 70–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Ney, P. G., Collins, C., and Spensor, C. (1986) Double blind: double talk or are there ways to do better research. Med. Hypothesis 21, 199–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Oxtoby, A., Jones, A., and Robinson, M. (1989) Is your “double-blind” design truly double-blind? Br. J. Psychiatry 155, 700–701.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Berent, S., Trask, C.L. (2002). Human Neuropsychological Testing and Evaluation. In: Massaro, E.J. (eds) Handbook of Neurotoxicology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-165-7_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-165-7_21

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-194-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-165-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics