Skip to main content

Nuclear Medicine in the Diagnosis and Management of Colorectal Cancer

  • Chapter
Colorectal Cancer

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Oncology ((CCO))

Abstract

The initial challenge in the care of colorectal cancer patients is accurate staging (i.e., determining the extent of disease in order to select therapy most beneficial for the patient). In one-third of patients, unresectable lesions are unexpectedly found during surgery (1,2). The frequency of “recurrence” indicates that tumor cells had been left at the primary site or had already disseminated but were undetected at the time of initial evaluation despite the exquisite resolution available with contemporary diagnostic imaging such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). When colorectal carcinoma (CRC) does recur, it is necessary to restage the patient to identify if there are additional metastatic sites that would impact on the choice and effectiveness of therapy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Steele G Jr. Follow-up plans after treatment of primary colon and rectum cancer. World J. Surg., 15 (1991) 583–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Fortner JG, Silva JS, Golbey RB, Cox EB, and Maclean BJ. Multivariate analysis of a personal series of 247 consecutive patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. I. Treatment by hepatic resection, Ann. Surg., 199 (1984) 306–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tunis S, Stojak M, Richardson S, Burken M, Londner M, Ulrich M, et al. FDG Positron Emission Tomography (PET). HCFA Decision Memorandum CAG-00065, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Abdel-Nabi H, Doerr RJ, Lamonica DM, Cronin VR, Galantowicz PJ, Carbone GM, et al. Staging of primary colorectal carcinomas with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose whole-body PET: correlation with histopathologic and CT findings. Radiology, 206 (1998) 755–760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Mukai M, Sadahiro S, Yasuda S, Ishida H, Tokunaga N, Tajima T, et al. Preoperative evaluation by whole-body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with primary colorectal cancer. Oncol. Rep., 7 (2000) 85–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Falk PM, Gupta NC, Thorson AG, Frick MP, Boman BM, Christensen MA, et al. Positron emission tomography for preoperative staging of colorectal carcinoma. Dis. Colon Rectum, 37 (1994) 153–156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. August DA, Ottow RT, and Sugarbaker PH. Clinical perspective of human colorectal cancer metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev., 3 (1984) 303–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mendez RJ, Rodriguez R, Kovacevich T, Martinez S, Moreno G, and Cerdan J. CT in local recurrence of rectal carcinoma. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., 17 (1993) 741–744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Cohen A, Minsky BD, and Schilsky RL. Cancer of the colon. In Cancer. Principles and Practice of Oncology. DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, and Rosenberg SA (eds.), 5th ed. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 1144–1184.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Muller-Schimpflr M, Brix G, Layer G, Schlag P, Engenhart R, Frohmuller S, et al. Recurrent rectal cancer: diagnosis with dynamic MR imaging. Radiology, 189 (1993) 881–889.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Moss AA. Imaging of colorectal carcinoma. Radiology, 170 (1989) 308–310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ito K, Kato T, Tadokoro M, et al. Recurrent rectal cancer and scar: differentiation with PET and MR imaging. Radiology, 182 (1992) 549–552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Freeney PC, Marks WM, Ryan JA, et al. Colorectal carcinoma evaluation with CT: preoperative staging and detection of post-operative recurrence. Radiology, 158 (1986) 347–353.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Moss AA, Thoeni RF, Schnyder P, et al. Value of computed tomography in the detection and staging of recurrent rectal carcinomas. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., 5 (1981) 870–874.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. de Lange EE, Fecher RE, and Wanebo HJ. Suspected recurrent rectosigmoid carcinoma after abdominoperineal resection: MR imaging and histopathologic findings. Radiology, 170 (1989) 323–328.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Krestin GP, Steinbrich W, and Friedmann G. Recurrent rectal cancer:diagnosis with MR imaging versus CT. Radiology, 168 (1988) 307–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Balzarini L, Ceglia E, D’Ippolito G, et al. Recurrent recurrence of rectosigmoid cancer: what about the choice of MRI for diagnosis? Gastrointest. Radiol., 15 (1990) 338–342.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Dicle O, Obuz F, and Cakmakci H. Differentiation of recurrent rectal, cancer and scarring with dynamic MR imaging. Br. J. Radiol., 72 (1999) 1155–1159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Krestin GP, Steinbrich W, and Friedman G Recurrent rectal cancer diagnosis with MR imaging versus CT. Radiology,168 (1988) 307–311.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Delbeke D, Vitola JV, Sandler MP, et al. Staging recurrent metastatic colorectal carcinoma with PET. J. Nucl. Med.,38 (1997) 1196–1201.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lai DT, Fulham M, Stephen MS, Chu KM, Solomon M, Thompson JF, et al. The role of whole-body positron emission tomography with F18-fluorodeoxyglucose in identifying operable colorectal cancer metastases to the liver. Arch. Surg., 131 (1996) 703–707.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Schiepers C, Pennninckx F, De Vadder N, et al. Contribution of PET in the diagnosis of recurrent colorectal cancer: comparison with conventional imaging. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol., 21 (1995) 517–522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Beets G, Penninckx F, Schiepers C, Filez L, Mortelmans L, Kerremans R, et al. Clinical value of whole-body positron emission tomography with (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose in recurrent colorectal cancer. Br. J. Surg., 81 (1994) 1666–1670.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Vitola JV, Delbeke D, Sandler MP, et al. Positron emission tomography to stage suspected metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the liver. Am. J. Surg., 171 (1996) 21–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Strauss LG, Corius JH, Schlag P, et al. Recurrence of colorectal tumors: PET evaluation. Radiology, 170 (1989) 329–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Huebner RF, Park KC, Shepherd JE, Schwimmer J, and Czernin J. A meta-analysis of the literature for whole-body FDG-PET detection of recurrent colorectal cancer. J. Nucl. Med., 41 (2000) 1177–1189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Keogan MT, Lowe VJ, Baker ME, McDermott VG, Lyerly HK, and Coleman RE. Local recurrence of rectal cancer: evaluation with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging. Abdom. Imaging, 22 (1997) 332–337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ogunbiyi OA, Flanagan FL, Dehdashti F, et al. Detection of recurrent and metastatic colorectal cancer: comparison of positron emission tomography and computed tomography. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 4 (1997) 613–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Flamen P, Stroobants S, Van Cutsem E, et al. Additional value of whole-body positron emission tomography with fluorine-18–2-deoxy-o-glucose in recurrent colorectal cancer../. Clin. Oncol., 17 (1999) 894–901.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hustinx R, Paulus P, Daenen F, Detroz B, Honore P, Jacquet N, et al. Clinical value of positron emission tomography in the detection and staging of recurrent colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol., 23 (1999) 323–329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Takeuchi O, Saito N, Koda K, Sarashina H, and Nakajima N. Clinical assessment of positron emission tomography for the diagnosis of local recurrence in colorectal cancer. Br. J. Surg., 86 (1999) 932–937.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Yasuda S, Makuuchi Y, Sadahiro S, Mukai M, Takunaga N, Tajima T, et al. Colorectal cancer recurrence in the liver: detection by PET. Tokai J. Exp. Clin. Med., 23 (1998) 167–171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Boykin KN, Zibari GB, Lilien DL, McMillan RW, Aultman DF, and McDonald JC. The use of FDGpositron emission tomography for the evaluation of colorectal metastases of the liver. Am. Surg., 65 (1999) 1183–1185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lowe VJ, Delong DM, Hoffman JM, et al. Optimum scanning protocol for FDG PET evaluation of pulmonary malignancy. J. Nucl. Med., 36 (1995) 883–887.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Valk PE, Abella-Columna E, Haseman MK, Pounds TR, Tesar RD, Myers RW, et al. Whole-body PET imaging with (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose in management of recurrent colorectal cancer. Arch. Surg.,134 (1999) 503–511; discussion 511–513.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ruhlmann J Schomburg A, Bender H, et al. Fluorodeoxyglucose whole-body positron emission tomography in colorectal cancer patients studied in routine daily practice. Dis. Colon Rectum,40 (1997) 1195–1204.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cohen AM. Comparison of positron emission tomography and computed tomography in the detection of recurrent and metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 4 (1997) 610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Flanagan FL, Dehdashti F, Ogunbiyi OA, Kodner IJ, and Siegel BA. Utility of FDG-PET for investigating unexplained plasma CEA elevation in patients with colorectal cancer. Ann. Surg., 227 (1998) 319–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Valk PE, Abella-Columna E, Tesar RD, et al. Detection of recurrent colorectal cancer by FDG-PET in patients with serum CEA elevation. J. Nucl. Med., 39 (Suppl.) (1998) 136 p.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kubota R, Yamada S, Kubota K, Ishiwata K, Tamahushi N, Ido T, et al. Intratumoral distribution of F18-fluoro-deoxyglucose in vivo: high accumulation in macrophages and granulation tissues studied by micro-autoradiography. J. Nucl. Med., 33 (1992) 1972–1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Haberkorn U, Strauss LG, Dimitrakopoulou A, et al. PET studies for Fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism in patients with recurrent colorectal tumors receiving radiotherapy. J. Nucl. Med., 32 (1991) 1485–1490.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Findlay M, Young H, Cunningham D, et al. Noninvasive monitoring of tumor metabolism using fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography in colorectal cancer liver metastases: correlation with tumor response to fluorouracil NTS. J. Clin. Oncol., 14 (1996) 700–708.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Guillem JG, Puig-La Calle J Jr, Akhurst T, et al. Prospective assessment of primary rectal cancer response to preoperative radiation and chemotherapy using 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Dis. Colon Rectum, 43 (2000) 18–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Miraldi F, Vesselle H, Faulhaber PF, Adler LP, Leisure GP. Elimination of artifactual accumulation of FDG in PET imaging of colorectal cancer. Clin. Nucl. Med., 23 (1998) 3–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Valk PE, Pounds TR, Tesar RD, Hopkins DM, and Haseman MK. Cost-effectiveness of PET imaging in clinical oncology. Nucl. Med. Biol., 23 (1996) 737–743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Trauner M, Grygar S, Stauber RE, Brodatsch-Hausler E, and Klimpfinger M. Carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin expression and mucin composition in hyperplastic and neoplastic polyps of the colorectum. Gastroenterology, 32 (1994) 626–631.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Behr TM, Sharkey RM, Juweid ME, et al. Factors influencing the pharmacokinetics, dosimetry and diagnostic accuracy of radioimmunodetection and radioimmunotherapy of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumors. Cancer Res.,56 (1996) 1805–1816.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Sharkey RM, Blumenthal RD, Behr TM, et al. Selection of radioimmunoconjugates for the therapy of well-established or micrometastatic colon carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer, 29 (1997) 477–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Goldenberg DM, Goldenberg H, Sharkey RM, et al. Imaging of colorectal carcinoma with radiolabeled antibodies. Semin. Nucl. Med., 19 (1989) 262–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Goldenberg DM, Deland FH, Bennett SJ, and Primus FJ. Radioimmunodetection of cancer with radioactive antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Res., 40 (1980) 2984–2992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Goldenberg DM, Kim EE, Bennett SJ, et al. Carcinoembryonic antigen radioimmunodetection in the evaluation of colorectal cancer and in the detection of occult neoplasms. Gastroenterology, 84 (1983) 524–532.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Lechner P, Lind P, Binter G, and Cesnik H. Anticarcinoembryonic antigen immunoscintigraphy with a Tc-99m-Fab’ fragment (Immu-4T“) in primary and recurrent colorectal cancer. A prospective study. Dis. Colon Rectum, 36 (1993) 930–935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Moffat FL Jr, Pinsky CM, Hammershaimb L, Petrelli NJ, PattYZ, Whaley FS, et al. Clinical utility of external immunoscintigraphy with the IMMU-4 technetium-99m Fab’ antibody fragment in patients undergoing surgery for carcinoma of the colon and rectum: results of a pivotal Phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol., 14 (1996) 2295–2305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hughes K, Pinsky CM, Petrelli NJ, Moffat FL, Patt YZ, Hammershaimb L, et al. Use of carcinoembryonic antigen radioimmunodetection and computed tomography for predicting the resectability of recurrent colorectal cancer. Ann. Surg., 226 (1997) 621–631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Serafini AN, Klein JL, Wolff BG, et al. Radioimmunoscintigraphy of recurrent, metastatic, or occult colorectal cancer with technetium 99m-labeled totally human monoclonal antibody 88BV59: results of pivotal, phase III multicenter studies [published erratum in J. Clin. Oncol., 16 (1998) 2575]. J. Clin. Oncol., 16 (5) (1998) 1777–1787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lind P, Lechner P, Arian-Schad K, et al. Anti-carcinoembryonic antigen immunoscintigraphy (technetium99m-monoclonal antibody BW 431/26) and serum CEA levels in patients with suspected primary and recurrent colorectal carcinoma. J. Nucl. Med.,32 (1991) 1319–1325.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Patt YZ, Podoloff DA, Curley S, Kasi L, Smith R, Bhadkamkar V, et al. Technetium 99m-labeled IMMU-4, a monoclonal antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen, for imaging of occult recurrent colorectal cancer in patients with rising serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels. J. Clin. Oncol., 12 (1994) 489–495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. LeDoussal J-M, Chetanneau A, Gruaz-Guyon A, et al. Bispecific monoclonal antibody-mediated targeting of an indium-111-labeled DTPA dimer to primary colorectal tumors: pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, scintigraphy and immune response. J. Nucl. Med., 34 (1993) 1662–1671.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Markowitz A, Saleemi K, and Freeman LM. Role of In-111 labeled CYT-103 immunoscintigraphy in the evaluation of patients with recurrent colorectal carcinoma. Clin. Nucl. Med., 18 (1993) 685–700.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Collier BD, Nabi H, Doerr RJ, et al Immunoscintigraphy performed with In-111 labeled CYT-103 in the management of colorectal cancer. Comparison with CT. Radiology, 185 (1992) 179–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Dominguez JM, Wolff BG, Nelson H, Forstrom LA, and Mullan BP. ’ 111n-CYT-103 scanning in recurrent colorectal cancer-does it affect standard management? Dis. Colon Rectum, 39 (1996) 514–519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Doerr RJ, Abdel-Nabi H, Krag D, and Mitchell EP. Radiolabeled antibody imaging in the management of colorectal cancer: Results of a multicenter clinical study. Ann. Surg., 214 (1991) 118–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. DeJager R, Abdel-Nabi H, Serafini A, et al. Current status of cancer immunodetection with radiolabeled human monoclonal antibodies. Semin. Nucl. Med., 23 (1993) 165–179.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Nabi HA, Erb DA, and Cronin VR. Superiority of SPET to planar imaging in the detection of colorectal carcinomas with “11n monoclonal antibodies. Nucl. Med. Commun., 16 (1995) 631–639.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hansen HJ, Sullivan CL, Sharkey RM, et al. HAMA interference with murine monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays. J. Clin. Immunoassays, 16 (1993) 294–299.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Divgi CR, Scott AM, McDermott K, et al. Clinical comparison of radiolocalization of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the TAG-72 antigen. Nucl. Med. Biol., 21 (1994) 9–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Larson SM, El-Shirbiny AM, Divgi CR, Sgouros G, Finn RD, Tschmelitsch J, et al. Single chain antigen binding protein (sFv CC49): first human studies in colorectal carcinoma metastatic to liver. Cancer,80(Suppl.) (1997) 2458–2468.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Muxi A, Pons F, Vidal-Sicart S, Setoain FJ, Herranz R, Novell F, et al. Radioimmunoguided surgery of colorectal carcinoma with an 1 “ ”In-labelled anti-TAG72 monoclonal antibody. Nucl. Med. Commun., 20 (1999) 123–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Moffat FL, Vargas-Cuba R, Serafini AN, et al. Preoperative scintigraphy and operative probe scintimetry of colorectal carcinoma using technetium-99m-88BV59. J. Nucl. Med., 36 (1995) 738–745.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Gulec SA, Serafini AN, Moffat FL, et al. Radioimmunoscintigraphy of colorectal carcinoma using technetium-99m-labeled, totally human monoclonal antibody 88BV59H21–2. Cancer Res., 55 (Suppl.) (1995) 5774s - 5776s.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Krause BJ, Baum RP, Staib-Sebler E, Lorenz M, Niesen A, and Hor G. Human monoclonal antibody 99mTc88BV59: detection of colorectal cancer, recurrent or metastatic disease and immunogenicity assessment. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 24 (1997) 72–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wolff BG, Bolton J, Baum R, et al. Radioimmunoscintigraphy of recurrent, metastatic, or occult colorectal cancer with technetium Tc 99m 88BV59H21–2V67–66 (HumaSPECT-Tc), a totally human monoclonal antibody. Dis. Colon Rectum, 41 (1998) 953–962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Arnold MW, Schneebaum S, Berens A, Petty L, Mojzisik C, Hinkle G, et al. Intraoperative detection of colorectal cancer with radioimmunoguided surgery and CC49, a second-generation monoclonal antibody. Ann. Surg., 216 (1992) 627–632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Arnold MW, Schneebaum S, and Martin EW Jr. Radioimmunoguided surgery in the treatment and evaluation of rectal cancer patients. Cancer Control, 3 (1996) 42–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Bertsch DJ, Burak WE Jr, Young DC, Arnold MW, and Martin EW Jr. Radioimmunoguided surgery for colorectal cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol.,3 (1996) 310–316.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Cote RI, Houchens DP, Hitchcock CL, Saad AD, Nines RG, Greenson JK, et al. Intraoperative detection of occult colon cancer micrometastases using 1251-radiolabeled monoclonal antibody CC49. Cancer, 77 (1996) 613–620.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Bertsch DJ, Burak WE Jr, Young DC, Arnold MW, and Martin EW Jr. Radioimmunoguided surgery system improves survival for patients with recurrent colorectal cancer. Surgery,118 (1995) 634–638; discussion 638–639.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Arnold MW, Young DC, Hitchcock CL, Schneebaum S, and Martin EW Jr. Radioimmunoguided surgery in primary colorectal carcinoma: an intraoperative prognostic tool and adjuvant to traditional staging. Am. J. Surg., 170 (1995) 315–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Di Carlo V, Stella M, De Nardi P, and Fazio E Radioimmunoguided surgery: clinical experience with different monoclonal antibodies and methods. Tumori, 81 (3,Suppl.) (1995) 98–102.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Willkomm P, Bender H, Bangard M, Decker P, Grunwald F, and Biersack H-J. FDG PET and immunoscintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled antibody fragments for the detection of the recurrence of colo-rectal carcinoma. J. Nucl. Med., 41 (2000) 1657–1663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goldsmith, S.J., Kostakoglu, L. (2002). Nuclear Medicine in the Diagnosis and Management of Colorectal Cancer. In: Saltz, L.B. (eds) Colorectal Cancer. Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-160-2_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-160-2_10

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9670-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-160-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics