Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Melanoma pp 73–92Cite as

Clinical Prognostic Factors and Staging

  • Chapter

  • 125 Accesses

Part of the book series: Current Clinical Oncology ((CCO))

Abstract

While it is not difficult to ascertain the prognosis for patients with metastatic melanoma, the outcome of the majority of patients with clinically localized melanoma is far less clearly defined. Prognostic variables help make rationale patient care decisions and guides the design and evaluation of clinical trials. Determining the prognosis of a patient with a diagnosis of melanoma is an evolving field. Prognostic criteria, once limited to clinical characteristics, have been augmented by a better understanding of melanoma histology and sentinel lymph node status. Investigation of lymph node and circulating melanoma antigens by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) may further clarify a patient’ s prognosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Reintgen DS, Paull DE, Seigler HF, et al. Sex related survival differences in instances of melanoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1984; 159: 367–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Shaw HM, McGovern VJ, Milton GW, et al. Histologic features of tumors and the female superiority in survival from malignant melanoma. Cancer 1980; 45: 1604–1608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Shaw HM, McGovern VJ, Milton GW, et al. Malignant melanoma: influence of site of lesion and age of patient in the female superiority in survival. Cancer 1980; 46: 2731–2735.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Shaw HM, McCarthy WH, Milton GW. Melanoma: differing clinical patterns in older men and women. Geriatr Med Today 1985; 4: 31–43.

    Google Scholar 

  5. O’Doherty CJ, Prescott RI, White H, et al. Sex differences in presentation of cutaneous malignant melanoma and in survival from stage I disease. Cancer 1986; 58: 788–792.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Meyskens FL, Berdeaux DH, Parks B, et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma (Arizona Cancer Center experience): I Natural history and prognostic factors influencing survival in patients with stage I disease. Cancer 1988; 62: 1207–1214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Berdeaux DH, Meyskens FL, Parks B, et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma. II The natural history and prognostic factors influencing the development of stage II disease. Cancer 1989; 63: 1430–1436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Stadelman WK, Raport DR, Soong SJ, et al. Prognostic clinical and pathologic features. In: Balch CM, Houghton AN, Sober AJ, Soong SJ, eds., Cutaneous Melanoma, 3rd ed., Quality Medical Publishing, St. Louis, MO, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Dong XD, Tyler D, Johnson JL, DeMatos P, Seigler HF. Analysis of prognosis and disease progression after local recurrence of melanoma. Cancer 2000; 88: 1063–1071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sirott MN, Bajorin DF, Wong GC, et al. Prognostic factors in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Cancer 1993; 72: 3091–3098.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Blois MS, Sagebiel RW, Tuttle MS, et al. Judging prognosis in malignant melanoma of the skin. Ann Surg 1983; 198: 200–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Sondergaard, K, Schou G. Therapeutic and clinico-pathological factors in the survival of 1,469 patients with primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat) 1985; 408: 249–258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Johnson OK, Emrich LJ, Karakousis CP, et al. Comparison of prognostic factors for survival and recurrence in malignant melanoma of the skin clinical stage I. Cancer 1985; 55: 1107–1117.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Karjalainen S, Hakulin T. Survival and prognostic factors of patients with skin melanoma. Cancer 1988; 62: 2274–2280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Schuchter L, Schultz DJ, Synnestvedt M, et al. A prognostic model for predicting 10-year survival in patients with primary melanoma. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 369–375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sober AJ, Day CL, Fitzpatrick TB, et al. Early death from clinical stage I melanoma. JInvest Dermatol 1983; 80: 505–525.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Barnhill RL, Fine JA, Rousch GC, et al. Predicting five-year outcome for patients with cutaneous melanoma in a population-based study. Cancer 1996; 78: 427–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Bartolucci AA, et al. Efficacy of an elective regional lymph node dissection of 1 to 4 mm thick melanomas for patients 60 years of age and younger. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 255–266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Huang X, Soong SJ, McCarthy WH, et al. Classification of localized melanoma by the exponential survival trees method. Cancer 1997; 79: 1122–1128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Day CL JR, Sober AJ, Kopf AW, et al. A prognostic model for clinical stage I melanoma of the upper extremity: the importance of anatomic subsites in predicting recurrent disease. Ann Surg 1981; 193: 436–440.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bernengo MG, Reali UM, Doveil GC, et al. BANS: a discussion of the problem. Melanoma Res 1992; 2: 157–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Cascinelli N, Vaglini M, Bufalino R, et al. BANS: a cutaneous region with no prognostic significance in patients with melanoma. Cancer 1986; 57: 441–444.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Woods JE, Taylor WF, Pritchard DJ, et al. Is the BANS concept for malignant melanoma valid? Am J Surg 1985; 150: 452–455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Rogers GS, Kopf AW, Rigel DS, et al. Influence of anatomic location on prognosis of malignant melanoma: attempt to verify the BANS model. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986; 15: 231–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Weinstock MA, Morris BT, Lederman JS, et al. Effects of BANS location of clinical Stage I melanoma: new data and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol 1988; 119: 559–565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Garbe C, Buttner P, Bertz J, et al. Primary cutaneous melanoma. Prognostic classification of anatomic location. Cancer 1995; 75: 2492–2498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Balch CM, Soong S, Ross MI, et al. Long term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0mm). Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7: 87–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Ragnarsson-Olding, BK, Nilsson BR, Kanter-Lewensohn LR, et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females. Cancer 1999; 96: 1285–1293.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Milton GW, Shaw HM. Rare variants of malignant melanoma. World Surg 1992; 16: 173–178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kilpatrick SE, White WL, Browne JD. Desmoplastic malignant melanoma of the oral mucosa. An underrecognized diagnostic pitfall. Cancer 1996; 78: 383–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Talley LI, Soong SJ, Harrison RA, et al. Clinical outcomes of localized melanoma of the foot: a case control study. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51: 853–857.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Reintgen DS, Vollmer R, Seigler HF. Juvenile malignant melanoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1989; 168: 249–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Cohen HJ, Cox E, Manton K, et al. Malignant melanoma in the elderly. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 100–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Austin PF, Cruse CW, Lyman G, et al. Age as a prognostic factor in the malignant melanoma population. Ann Surg Oncol 1994; 1: 487–494.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Balch CM, Soong S, Ross MI, et al. Long term results of a multi-institutional randomized trial comparing prognostic factors and surgical results for intermediate thickness melanomas (1.0 to 4.0 mm). Ann Surg Oncol 2000; 7: 87–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sober Ai, Day CL, Fitzpatrick TB, et al. Early death from clinical stage I melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 1983; 80: 505–525.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Barnhill RL, Fine JA, Rousch GC, et al. Predicting five-year outcome for patients with cutaneous melanoma in a population-based study. Cancer 1996; 78: 427–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Shaw HM, McCarthy WH, Milton GW. Melanoma: Differing clinical patterns in older men and women. Geriatr Med Today 1985; 4: 31–43.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Falkson CI, Falkson HC. Prognostic factors in metastatic malignant melanoma. Oncology 1998; 55: 59–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hena MA, Emrich LJ, Nabisan RN, et al. Effect of surgical treatment on stage IV melanoma. Am J Surg 1987; 153: 270–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. McGovern VJ, Shaw HM, Milton GW, et al. Prognostic significance of the histological features of malignant melanoma. Histopathology 1979; 3: 385–393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Garbe CG, Buttner P, Bertz J, et al. Primary cutaneous melanoma. Identification of prognostic groups and estimation of individual prognosis for 5093 patients. Cancer 1995; 75: 2484–2491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sober AJ, Day, CL, Fitzpatrick TB, et al. Early death from clinical stage I melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 1983; 80: 505–525.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Clark WH, From L, Bernardino EA, et al. The histogenesis and biologic behavior of primary human malignant melanomas of the skin. Cancer Res 1969; 29: 705–726.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cohen MH, Ketcham AS, Felix EL, et al. Prognostic factors in patients undergoing lymphadectomy for malignant melanoma. Ann Surg 1977; 186: 635–642.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Breslow A, Macht S. Evaluation of prognosis in stage I cutaneous melanoma. Plast Reconstr Surg 1978; 61: 342–346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Prade M, Sancho-Garnier H, Cesari JP, et al. Difficulties encountered in the application of the Clark’s classification and the Breslow thickness measurement in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Eur J Cancer 1980; 26: 159–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lock-Anderson J, Hou-Jensen K, Hansen J, et al. Observer variation in histologic classification of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 1995; 29: 141–148.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Breslow A. Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg 1970; 172: 902–908.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Morabito A, et al. Prognosis of stage I melanoma of the skin. Int J Cancer 1980; 26: 733–739.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Heenan PJ, Matz LR, Blackwell JB, et al. Inter-observer variation between pathologists in the classification of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Western Australia. Histopathology 1984; 8: 717–729.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Breslow A. Tumor thickness, level of invasion and node dissection in stage I cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg 1975; 182: 572–575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Day CL, Lew RA, Mihm MC Jr, et al. The natural break points for primary-tumor thickness in clinical stage I melanoma. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1155.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Mackie RM. Tumor thickness in melanoma. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 1179–1180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kuehnl-Petzoldt C, Wiebelt H, Berger H. In what sense are breakpoints prognostic in malignant melanoma? Am J Dermatopathol 1984; 6 (1 Suppl): 349–350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. American Joint Committee on Cancer. Manual for Staging of Cancer, 3rd ed. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Buttner P, Garbe C, Bertz J, et al. Primary cutaneous melanoma Primary cutoff points of tumor thickness and importance of Clark’s level for prognostic classification. Cancer 1995; 75: 2499–2506.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kelly JW, Sagebiel RW, Clyman S, et al. Thin level IV malignant melanoma. Ann Surg 1985; 202: 98–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Shaw HM, McCarthy WH, McCarthy SW, et al. Thin malignant melanomas and recurrence potential. Arch Surg 1987; 122: 1147–1150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Clark WH, Elder DE, Guerry D, et al. Model predicting survival in stage I melanoma based on tumor progression. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 1893–1904.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Morton DL, Davtyan DG, Wanek LA, et al. Multivariate analysis of the relationship between survival and the microstage of primary melanoma by Clark level and Breslow thickness. Cancer 1993; 71: 3737–3743.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Buzaid AC, Ross MI, Balch CM, et al. Critical analysis of the current American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma and proposal of a new staging system. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 1039–1051.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Atkins MB, et al. A new American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 2000; 88: 1484–1491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Graham CH, Rivers J, Kerbel RS, et al. Extent of vascularization as a prognostic indicator in thin (0.76 mm) malignant melanomas. Am J Pathol 1994; 145: 510–514.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Barnhill RL, Levy MA. Regressing thin cutaneous malignant melanomas (less than or equal to 1.00 mm) are associated with angiogenesis. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 99–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Straume O, Akslen LA. Independent prognostic importance of vascular invasion in nodular melanomas. Cancer 1996; 78: 1211–1219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Balch C. Cutaneous melanoma: prognosis and treatment results worldwide. Semin Surg Oncol 1992; 8: 400–414.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Schmoeckel C, Braun-Falco O. Prognostic index in malignant melanoma. Arch Dermatol 1978; 144: 871–873.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Halpern AC, Schuchter LM. Prognostic models in melanoma. Semin Oncol 1997; 24: S4–2-S4–7.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Vollmer RT. Malignant melanoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. Pathol Annu 1989; 24: 383–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Kelly JW, Sagebiel RW, Blois MS, et al. Regression in malignant melanoma: a histologic feature without independent prognostic significance. Cancer 1985; 56: 2287–2291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Heenan PJ, English DR, D’Arcy C, et al. Survival among patients with clinical stage I cutaneous malignant melanoma diagnosed in western Australia in 1975/1976 and 1980/ 1981. Cancer 1991; 68: 2079–2087.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Coit DG. Prognostic factors in patients with melanoma metastatic to regional nodes. Surg Oncol ClinNAm 1992; 1: 281–295.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Buzaid AC, Tinoco LA, Jendiroba D, et al. Prognostic value of size of lymph node metastases in patients with cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2361–2368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bevilacqua R, Coit D, Rogatka A, et al. Axillary dissection in melanoma: prognostic variables in node-positive patients. Ann Surg 1990; 212: 125–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Drepper H, Bieb B, Hofherr B, et al. The prognosis of patients with stage III melanoma. Cancer 1993; 71: 1239–1246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Shivers SC, Wang X, Li W, et al. Molecular staging of malignant melanoma. Correlation with clinical outcome. JAMA 1998; 280: 1410–1415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Bostick PJ, Morton D1, Turner RR, et al. Prognostic significance of occult metastasis detected by sentinel lymphadenectomy and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in early-stage melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 3238–3244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Hayward N. New developments in melanoma genetics. Curr Oncol Rep 2000; 2: 300–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Greene MH. The genetics of hereditary melanoma and nevi. Cancer 1999; 86: 2464 2477.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Cowan JM, Halaban R, Francke U. Cytogenetic analysis of melanocytes from premalignant nevi and melanomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 1159–1164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kamb A, Gruis NA, Weaver-Feldhaus J, et al. A cell cycle regulator potentially involved in genesis of many tumor types. Science 1994; 264: 436–440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Hussussian CJ, Struewing JP, Goldstein AM, et al. Germline p16 mutations in familial melanoma. Nat Genet 1994; 8: 15–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Haluska FG, Hodi FS. Molecular genetics of familial cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 670–682.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Barth A, Wanek L, Morton DL. Prognostic factors in 1,521 melanoma patients with distant metastasis. J Am Coll Surg 1995; 181: 193–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Eton O, Legha SS, Moon TE, et al. Prognostic factors for survival of patients treated systemically for disseminated melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1103–1111.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Manola J, Atkins M, Ibrahim J, et al. Prognostic factors in metastatic melanoma: a pooled analysis of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group trials. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3782–3793.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ryan L, Kramar A, Borden E. Prognostic factors in metastatic melanoma. Cancer 1993; 71: 2995–3005.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Curry BJ, Farrelly M, Hersey P. Evaluation of S-100(3 assays for the prediction of recurrence and prognosis in patients with AJCC stage I-III melanoma. Melanoma Res 1999; 9: 557–567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. von Schoultz E, Hansson LO, Djureen E, et al. Prognostic value of serum analysis of S-10013 protein in malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 1993; 6: 133–137.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Bonfer JMG, Korse CM, Nieweg 0E, Rankin EM. The luminescence immunoassay S-100: a sensitive test to measure circulating S-10013: its prognostic value in malignant melanoma. Br J Cancer 1998; 77: 2210–2214.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Battayani Z, Grob JJ, Xerri L, et al. Polymerase chain reaction detection of circulating melanocytes as a prognostic marker in patients with melanoma. Arch Dermatol 1995; 131: 443–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Mellado B, Colomer D, Castel T, et al. Detection of circulating neoplastic cells by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in malignant melanoma: association with clinical stage and prognosis. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2091–2097.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Reinhold U, Ludtke-Handjery HC, Schnautz S, et al. The analysis of tyrosinase-specific mRNA in blood samples of melanoma patients by RT-PCR is not a useful test for metastatic tumor progression. J Invest Dermatol 1997; 108: 166–169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Brossart P, Keilholz U, Willchauk M, et al. Hematogenous spread of malignant melanoma cells in different stages of disease. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101: 887–889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Brossart P, Schmier J, Kruger S, et al. A polymerase chain reaction-based semi-quantitative assessment of malignant melanoma cells in peripheral blood. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4065–4068.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Hoon D, Wang Y, Dale P, et al. Detection of occult melanoma cells in blood with a multiple-marker polymerase chain reaction assay. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2109–2116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Battayani Z, Xerri L, Hassoun J, et al. Tyrosine gene expression in human tissues. Pigment Cell Res 1993; 6: 400–405.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Foss A, Guille M, Occleston N, et al. The detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Br J Cancer 1995; 72: 155–159.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Kunter U, Buer J, Probst M, et al. Peripheral blood tyrosinase messenger RNA detection and survival in malignant melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88: 590–594.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Pittman K, Burchill S, Smith B, et al. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for expression of tyrosinase to identify malignant melanoma cells in peripheral blood. Ann Oncol 1996; 7: 297–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Jung FA, Buzaid AC, Ross MI, et al. Evaluation of tyrosinase as a tumor marker in the blood of melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 2826–2831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Smith B, Shelby P, Southgate J, et al. Detection of melanoma cells in peripheral blood by means of reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction. Lancet 1991; 338: 1227 1229.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Palmieri G, Strazzullo M, Ascierto PA, et al. Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of circulation melanoma cells as an effective marker of tumor progression. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 304–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Hoon, DS, Bostick P, Kuo C, et al. Molecular markers in blood as surrogate prognostic indicators of melanoma recurrence. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 2253–2257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Keilholz U. Diagnostic PCR in melanoma, methods and quality assurance. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32: 1661–1663.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Keilholz U. Reliability of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based assays for the detection of circulating tumor cells: a quality-assurance initiative of the EORTC Melanoma Cooperative Group. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 750–753.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Deichmann M, Benner A, Bock M, et al. S 100-beta, melanoma-inhibiting activity, and lactate dehydrogenase discriminate progressive from nonprogressive American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 1891–1896.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Mackie RM, Carfrae DC, Cochran AJ. Assessment of prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma. Lancet 1972; 2: 455–4546.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Cochran AJ, Elashoff D, Morton DL, et al. Individualized prognosis for melanoma patients. Hum Pathol 2000; 31: 327–331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Gershenwald JE. Pittsburgh Perspective in Melanoma Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, June 1–2, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Melanoma Consensus Conference, Atlanta Georgia, April 1–2, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Balch CM, Bozaid AC, Soong SJ, et al. Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19: 3635–3648, 2001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Hamed Daw MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas Olencki DO
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Cancer Drug Discovery and Development, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Ernest C. Borden MD (Director) (Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Humana Press Inc.,Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Daw, H., Olencki, T. (2002). Clinical Prognostic Factors and Staging. In: Borden, E.C. (eds) Melanoma. Current Clinical Oncology. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-159-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-159-6_3

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9668-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-159-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation