Abstract
The basic role of articular cartilage is to serve as a cap on top of skeletal long bones of synovial joints. Articular cartilage is crucial to the normal function of synovial joints because it enables articulating surfaces to transmit high loads while maintaining contact stresses at low levels. In addition, articular cartilage functions to allow articulating surfaces to resist compressive force with low frictional resistance.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Urist, M. K. (1983) The origin of cartilage: investigations in quest of chondrogenic DNA, in Cartilage, Vol. 2, Development, Differentiation and Growth (Hall, B. K., ed.), Academic, New York, pp. 1–85.
Malemud, C. J. and Shuckett, R. (1987) Impact-loading and lower extremity disease, in Clinical Concepts in Regional Musculoskeletal Illness (Hadler, N. M, ed.), Grune & Stratton, Orlando, FL, pp. 109–135.
Malemud, C. J. and Hering, T. M. (1992) Regulation of chondrocytes in osteoarthrosis, in Biological Regulation of the Chondrocytes (Adolphe, M., ed.), CRC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 295–319.
LuValle, P., Iwamoto, M., Fanning, P., Pacifici, M., and Olsen, B. R. (1993) Multiple negative elements in a gene codes for an extracellular matrix protein, collagen X, restrict expression to the hypertrophic chondrocytes. J. Cell Biol. 121, 1 173–1179.
Warman, M. L., Abbott, M., Apte, S. S., Hefferon, T., McIntosh, I., Cohn, D. H., et al. (1993) A type X collagen mutation causes Schmid metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. Nature Genet. 5, 79–82.
Lefebvre, V. and de Crombrugghe, B. (1997/1998) Toward understanding SOX9 function in chondrocyte differentiation. Matrix Biol. 16, 529–540.
Foster, J. W., Dominguez-Steglich, M. A., Guioli, S., Kwok, C., Weller, P. A., Stevanovic, M., et al. (1994) Campomelic dysplasia and autosomal sex reversal caused by mutations in an SRY-related gene. Nature 372, 525–530.
Aigner, T., Stöß, H., Weseloh, G., Zeiler, G., and von der Mark, K. (1992) Activation of collagen type II expression in osteoarthritic and rheumatoid cartilage. Vichows Arch. B Cell. Pathol. 62, 337–345.
Caplan, A. I., Elyaderani, M., Mochizuki, Y., Wakitani, S., and Goldberg, V. M. (1997) Principles of cartilage repair and regeneration. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res. 342, 254–269.
Takahashi, I., Nuckolis, G. H., Takahashi, K., Tanaka, O., Semba, I., Dashner, R., et al. (1998) Compressive force promotes Sox9, type II collagen and aggrecan and inhibits IL-1β expression resulting in chondrogenesis in mouse embryonic limb bud mesenchymal cells. J. Cell Sci. 111, 2067–2076.
Tabin, C. J. and McMahon, A. P. (1997) Recent advances in Hedgehog signalling. Trends Cell Biol. 7, 442–446.
Okano, K., Tsukazaki, T., Ohtsuru, A., Osaki, M., Yonekura, A., Iwasaki, K., et al. (1997) Expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide in human osteoarthritis. J. Orthop. Res. 15, 175–180.
Tsuji, M., Funahashi, S-i., Takigawa, M., Seiki, M., Fujii, K., and Yoshida, T. (1996) Expression of c-fos inhibits proteoglycans synthesis in transfected chondrocyte. FEBS Lett. 381, 222–226.
Watanabe, H., Saitoh, K., Kameda, T., Murakami, M., Niikura, Y., Okazaki, S., et al. (1997) Chondrocytes as a specific target of ectopic Fos expression in early development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3994–3999.
Vertel, B. M. (1995) The ins and outs of aggrecan. Trends Cell Biol. 5, 458–464.
Faiyazul Hague, M., King, L. M., Krakow, D., Cantor, R. M., Rusiniak, M. E., Swank, R. T., et al. (1998) Mutations in orthologous genes in human spondylometaphyseal dysplasia and the brachymorphic mouse. Nature Genet. 20, 157–162.
Melching, L. I., Cs-Szabo, G., and Roughley, P. J. (1997) Analysis of proteoglycan messages in human articular cartilage by a competitive PCR technique. Matrix Biol. 16, 1–11.
Nishida, Y., Shinomura, T., Iwata, H., Miura, T., and Kimata, K. (1994) Abnormal occurrence of a large chondroitin-sulfate proteoglycan, PG-M/versican in osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cart. 2, 43–49.
Heinegård, D., Lorenzo, P., and Sommarin, Y. (1995) Articular cartilage matrix proteins, in Osteoarthritic Disorders (Kuettner, K. E. and Goldberg, V. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont, IL, pp. 229–237.
Linsenmayer, T. F. (1981) Collagen, in Cell Biology of Extracellular Matrix (Hay, E. D., ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 1–37.
Sandell, L. J. (1995) Molecular biology of collagens in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage, in Osteoarthritic Disorders (Kuettner, K. E. and Goldberg, V. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthopaedics Surgeons, Rosemont, IL, pp. 131–146.
Aigner, T., Bertling, W., Stöss H., Weseloh, G., and von der Mark, K. (1993) Independent expression of fibril-forming collagens I, II and III in chondrocytes of human osteoarthritic cartilage. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 829–837.
Kuivaniemi, H., Tromp, G., and Prockop, D. J. (1991) Mutations in collagen genes: causes of rare and some common diseases in man. FASEB J. 5, 2052–2060.
Poole, A. R. (1995) Imbalances of anabolism and catabolism of cartilage matrix components in osteoarthritis, in Osteoarthritic Disorders (Kuettner, K. E. and Goldberg, V. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont, IL, pp. 247–260.
Dourado, G. S., Adams, M. E., Matyas, J. R., and Huang, D. (1996) Expression of biglycan, decorin and fibromodulin in the hypertrophic phase of experimental osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cart. 4, 187–196.
Poole, A. R., Rosenberg, L. C., Reiner, A., Ionescu, M., Bogoch, E., and Roughley, P. J. (1996) Contents and distribution of the proteoglycans decorin and biglycan in normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. J. Orthop. Res. 14, 681–689.
Rizkalla, G., Reiner, A., Bogoch, E., and Poole, A. R. (1992) Studies of the articular cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan in health and disease. Evidence for molecular heterogeneity and extensive molecular change in disease. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 2268–2277.
Woessner, J. F., Jr. (1995) Imbalance of proteinases and their inhibitors in osteoarthritis, in Osteoarthritic Disorders (Kuettner, K. E. and Goldberg, V. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont, IL, pp. 281–290.
Denko, C. W., Boja, B., and Moskowitz, R. W. (1990) Growth promoting peptides in osteoarthritis: insulin, insulin-like growth factor, growth hormone. J. Rheumatol. 17, 1217–1221.
Denko, C. W. and Malemud, C. J. (1999) Metabolic disturbances and synovial joint responses in osteoarthritis. Front. Biosci. 4, D686–D693.
Rizkalla, G., Reiner, A., Bogoch, E., and Poole, A. R. (1992) Studies of the articular cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan in health and disease. Evidence for molecular heterogeneity and extensive molecular change in disease. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 2268–2277.
Reboul, P., Pelletier, J-P., Tardif, G., Cloutier, J.-M., and Martel-Pelletier, J. (1996) The new collagenase, collagenase-3, is expressed and synthesized by human chondrocytes but not by synoviocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 97, 2011–2019.
Hashimoto, S., Ochs, R. L., Komiya, S., and Lotz, M. (1998) Linkage of chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degradation in human osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 41, 1632–1638.
Blanco, F.J., Ochs, R. L., Schwarz, H., and Lotz, M. (1995) Chondrocyte apoptosis induced by nitric oxide. Am. J. Pathol. 146, 75–85.
Burmester, G. R., Stuhlmuller, B., Keyser, G., and Kinne, R. W. (1997) Mononuclear phagocytes and rheumatoid synovitis: mastermind or workhorse in arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 40, 5–18.
Goronzy, J. J. and Weyland, C. M. (1995) T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Amer. 21, 655–674.
Nishioka, K., Hasunuma, T., Kato, T., Sumida, T., and Kobata, T. (1998) Apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis: a novel pathway in the regulation of synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 41, 1–9.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haqqi, T.M., Anthony, D.D., Malemud, C.J. (2000). Chondrocytes. In: Tsokos, G.C. (eds) Principles of Molecular Rheumatology. Current Molecular Medicine, vol 1. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-018-6_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-018-6_17
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-61737-182-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-018-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive