Abstract
Both the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are frequently overactive in patients with hypertension. Whereas the activation of the RAS can be relatively easily assessed by relating plasma renin to urinary sodium levels, there are no reliable routine measurements to assess the sympathetic activity. Consequently, the elevation of renin in hypertension is a matter of record (1), whereas the more indirect evidence for sympathetic overactivity merits a short review.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Laragh JH, Baer L, Brunner HR, Buhler FR, Sealey JE, Vaughan ED, Jr. (1972) Renin, angiotensin and aldosterone system in pathogenesis and management of hypertensive vascular disease. Am J Med 52: 633–652.
Esler M, Julius S, Zweifler A, Randall O, Harburg E, Gardiner H, DeQuattro V (1977) Mild high-renin essential hypertension: neurogenic human hypertension? N Engl J Med 296: 405–411.
Palatini P, Julius S (1997) Heart rate and the cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens 15: 1–15.
Palatini P, Casiglia E, Pauletto P, Staessen J, Kaciroti N, Julius S (1997) Relationship of tachycardia with high blood pressure and metabolic abnormalities: a study with mixture analysis in three populations. Hypertension 30: 1267–1273.
Julius S, Jamerson K, Mejia A, Krause L, Schork N, Jones K (1990) The association of borderline hypertension with target organ changes and higher coronary risk. Tecumseh Blood Pressure Study. JAMA 264: 354–358.
Julius S, Pascual AV, London R (1971) Role of parasympathetic inhibition in the hyperkinetic type of borderline hypertension. Circulation 44: 413–418.
Lund-Johansen P, Omvik P (1990) Hemodynamic patterns of untreated hypertensive disease. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, eds. Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, New York: Raven, pp. 305–327.
Julius S, Randall OS, Esler MD, Kashima T, Ellis CN, Bennett J (1975) Altered cardiac responsiveness and regulation in the normal cardiac output type of borderline hypertension. Circ Res 36–37 (Suppl. I):I-199-I-207.
Trimarco B, Volpe M, Ricciardelli B, Picotti GB, Galva MA, Petracca R, Condorelli M (1983) Studies of the mechanisms underlying impairment of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated effects in human hypertension. Hypertension 5: 584–590.
Egan B, Panis R, Hinderliter A, Schork N, Julius S (1987) Mechanism of increased alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction in human essential hypertension. J Clin Invest 80: 812–817.
Julius S (1988) Editorial review: the blood pressure seeking properties of the central nervous system. J Hypertens 6: 177–185.
Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, Hebert P, Fiebach NH, Eberlein KA, Godwin J, Qizilbash N, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH (1990) Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, short-term reduction in blood pressure: overview of randomized drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990; 335: 827–838.
Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP (1990) Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham heart study. N Engl J Med 322: 1561–1566.
Smith SD, Julius S, Jamerson K, Amerena J, Schork N (1994) Hematocrit levels and physiologic factors in relationship to cardiovascular risk in Tecumseh, Michigan. Hypertension 12: 455–462.
Julius S, Pascual A, Reilly K, London R (1971) Abnormalities of plasma volume in borderline hypertension. Arch Intern Med 127: 116–119.
Pyorala K, Savolainen E, Kaukola S, Haapakoski J (1985) Plasma insulin as a coronary heart disease risk factor: relationship to other risk factors and predictive value during 9 1/2 year follow-up of the Helsinki Policemen Study population. Acta Med Scand Suppl 701: 38–52.
Anderson EA, Sinkey CA, Lawton WJ, Mark AL (1989) Elevated sympathetic nerve activity in borderline hypertensive humans: evidence from direct intraneural recordings. Hypertension 14: 177–183.
Jamerson KA, Julius S, Gudbrandsson T, Andersson O, Brant DO (1993) Reflex sympathetic activation induces acute insulin resistance in the human forearm. Hypertension 21 (5): 618–623.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Julius, S. (2001). Neuroendocrine Factors. In: Weber, M.A. (eds) Hypertension Medicine. Current Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-008-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-008-7_7
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-5446-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-008-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive