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Human Response to Space Flight

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Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight

Abstract

The past five decades have amply demonstrated that humans can tolerate space flight well for long periods in orbiting spacecraft. Historically, the direct causes of mortality have been accidents occurring during dynamic phases of flight. The vast majority of flight time has been spent in Earth orbit, but both in orbit and on the lunar surface, humans have demonstrated the ability to maintain adequate health and to work productively. The dominant condition associated with Earth orbit affecting human physiology and health is weightlessness, which induces predictable changes in crewmembers during adaptation. Acutely, these changes can induce adverse symptoms such as space motion sickness from neurovestibular adaptation and facial congestion associated with a rostral fluid shift. Typically these symptoms do not limit crew activity and resolve within a few days. Significant but clinically asymptomatic early changes include regulation to a lower plasma volume with a concomitant decrease in red blood cell mass, changes in cardiac and respiratory dynamics, and changes in anthropometry. Food intake is volitionally reduced and weight loss is common. Changes in skeletal muscle morphology are seen, and muscle mass and strength in postural regions are reduced after several days. Aerobic fitness is reduced but does not limit inflight performance.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Drs. Peter Norsk, Jennifer Fogarty, and Charles Gibson for their thoughtful reviews.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Ellen S. Baker

  2. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Michael R. Barratt

  3. Space Medicine Operations Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Clarence F. Sams

  4. Epidemiology Discipline Lead, KBR, Houston, TX, USA

    Mary L. Wear

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  1. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Michael R. Barratt

  2. Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Ellen S. Baker

  3. Deceased, Formerly Chief, Medical Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Sam L. Pool

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Baker, E.S., Barratt, M.R., Sams, C.F., Wear, M.L. (2019). Human Response to Space Flight. In: Barratt, M., Baker, E., Pool, S. (eds) Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9889-0_12

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