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Medical Evacuation Risk and Crew Transport

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Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight

Abstract

Space is a uniquely remote and hazardous environment. For humans to live and work effectively in low Earth orbit (LEO) and beyond, significant technological support must be provided to overcome the physical and psychological challenges of space flight. This operational environment places great demands on a crew, particularly during emergency situations, where the life of a crewmember may rest in the hands of a crew medical officer (CMO) who is also a colleague. In over five decades of human space flight and exploration, our knowledge, activities, and capabilities have grown tremendously, resulting in the International Space Station (ISS) and a permanent human presence in LEO. The need for an evacuation capability from a LEO space station derives from basic principles underlying escape and egress systems of the earliest manned spacecraft.

This chapter will examine key aspects of present-day spaceflight medical transport and evacuation and its terrestrial parallels, enumerate current challenges, and suggest possible solutions for future spaceflight activities. This will include a discussion on present and future standards of medical care on the ISS and the current transport vehicle used for travel to and from the station, the Russian Soyuz. Programs now under active development such as the NASA/Lockheed Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, Space Exploration Technologies’ (SpaceX) Crew Dragon Capsule, and the Boeing CST-100 Capsule may also be developed with limited medical transport capability.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Smith L. Johnston III

  2. Department of Primary Care, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA

    Kieran T. Smart

  3. Space Medicine Operations Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    James M. Pattarini

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  1. Smith L. Johnston III
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  2. Kieran T. Smart
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Correspondence to James M. Pattarini .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Michael R. Barratt

  2. Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Ellen S. Baker

  3. Deceased, Formerly Chief, Medical Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Sam L. Pool

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Johnston, S.L., Smart, K.T., Pattarini, J.M. (2019). Medical Evacuation Risk and Crew Transport. In: Barratt, M., Baker, E., Pool, S. (eds) Principles of Clinical Medicine for Space Flight. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9889-0_10

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