Abstract
This chapter presents the studies that have used virtual reality as an assessment or rehabilitation tool of cognitive functions following a stroke. To be part of this review, publications must have made a collection of data from individuals who have suffered a stroke and must have been published between 1980 and 2017. A total of 50 publications were selected out of a possible 143 that were identified in the following databases: Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Psychological and Behavioural Sciences Collection. Overall, we find that most of the studies that have used virtual reality with stroke patients focused on attention, spatial neglect, and executive functions/multitasking. Some studies have focused on route representation, episodic memory, and prospective memory. Virtual reality has been used for training of cognitive functions with stroke patients, but also for their assessment. Overall, the studies support the value and relevance of virtual reality as an assessment and rehabilitation tool with people who have suffered a stroke. Virtual reality seems indeed an interesting way to better describe the functioning of the person in everyday life. Virtual reality also sometimes seems to be more sensitive than traditional approaches for detecting deficits in stroke people. However, it is important to pursue work in this emergent field in clinical neuropsychology.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ansuini, C., Pierno, A. C., Lusher, D., & Castiello, U. (2006). Virtual reality applications for the remapping of space in neglect patients. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 24(4–6), 431–441.
Baheux, K., Yoshikawa, M., Tanaka, A., Seki, K., & Handa, Y. (2004). Diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients with hemispatial neglect using virtual reality technology. Conference proceedings: Annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, 7, 4908–4911.
Baheux, K., Yoshizawa, M., Tanaka, A., Seki, K., & Handa, Y. (2005). Diagnosis and rehabilitation of hemispatial neglect patients with virtual reality technology. Technology and health care. Official Journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine, 13(4), 245–260.
Baheux, K., Yoshizawa, M., Seki, K., & Handa, Y. (2006). Virtual reality pencil and paper test for neglect: A protocol. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 9(2), 192–195.
Broeren, J., Samuelsson, H., Stibrant-Sunnerhagen, K., Blomstrand, C., & Rydmark, M. (2007). Neglect assessment as an application of virtual reality. Acta Neurlogica Scandinavica, 116, 157–163.
Brooks, B. M., Rose, F. D., Potter, J., Jayawardena, S., & Morling, A. (2004). Assessing stroke patients’ prospective memory using virtual reality. Brain Injury, 18(4), 391–401.
Buxbaum, L. J., Palermo, M., Mastrogiovanni, D., Read, M., Rosenberg-Pitonyak, E., Rizzo, A. A., & Coslett, H. (2008). Assessment of spatial attention and neglect with a virtual wheelchair navigation task. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology, 30(6), 650–660.
Buxbaum, L. J., Dawson, A. M., & Linsley, D. (2012). Reliability and validity of the virtual reality lateralized attention test in assessing hemispatial neglect in right-hemisphere stroke. Neuropsychology, 26(4), 430–441.
Cameirão, M. S., Faria, A. L., Paulino, T., Alves, J., & i Badia, S. B. (2016). The impact of positive, negative and neutral stimuli in a virtual reality cognitive-motor rehabilitation task: a pilot study with stroke patients. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 13(1), 70.
Carelli, L., Rusconi, M. L., Mattioli, F., Stampatori, C., Morganti, F., & Riva, G. (2009). Neuropsychological and virtual reality assessment in topographical disorientation. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine, 7, 230–233.
Carelli, L., Rusconi, M. L., Scarabelli, C., Stampatori, C., Mattioli, F., & Riva, G. (2011). The transfer from survey (map-like) to route representations into virtual reality Mazes: effect of age and cerebral lesion. Journal Of Neuroengineering And Rehabilitation, 2011 Jan 31; Vol 8, pp 6 Electronic Publication.
Castiello, U., Lusher, D., Burton, C., Glover, S., & Disler, P. (2004). Improving left hemispatial neglect using virtual reality. Neurology, 62, 1958–1962.
Cherniack, E. P. (2011). Not just fun and games: Applications of virtual reality in the identification and rehabilitation of cognitive disorders of the elderly. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 6(4), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.3109/17483107.2010.542570.
Crosbie, J. H., Lennon, S., Basford, J. R., & McDonough, S. M. (2007). Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation: Still more virtual than real. Disability and Rehabilitation, 29(14), 1139–1146.
Dawson, A. M., Buxbaum, L. J., & Rizzo, A. A. (2008). The virtual reality lateralized attention test: Sensitivity and validity of a new clinical tool for assessing hemispatial neglect. Virtual Rehabilitation, 77–82. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICVR.2008.4625140.
Dvorkin, A. Y., Rymer, W. Z., Harvey, R. L., Bogey, R. A., & Patton, J. L. (2008). Assessment and monitoring of recovery of spatial neglect within a virtual environment. Proceedings of the IEEE Virtual Rehabilitation, 88–92.
Dvorkin, A. Y., Bogey, R. A., Harvey, R. L., & Patton, J. L. (2012). Mapping the neglected space: Gradients of detection revealed by virtual reality. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 26(2), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968311410068.
Edmans, J., Gladman, J., Walker, M., Sunderland, A., Porter, A., & Fraser, D. S. (2004). Mixed reality environments in stroke rehabilitation: Development as rehabilitation tools. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 6(1), 39–45.
Faria, A. L., Andrade, A., Soares, L., & i Badia, S. B. (2016). Benefits of virtual reality based cognitive rehabilitation through simulated activities of daily living: A randomized controlled trial with stroke patients. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 13(1), 96.
Fordell, H., Bodin, K., Bucht, G., & Malm, J. (2011). A virtual reality test battery for assessment and screening of spatial neglect. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 123, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01390.x.
Gamito, P., Oliveira, J., Coelho, C., Morais, D., Lopes, P., Pacheco, J., & Barata, A. F. (2017). Cognitive training on stroke patients via virtual reality-based serious games. Disability and Rehabilitation, 39(4), 385–388.
Glover, S., & Castiello, U. (2006). Recovering space in unilateral neglect: A neurological dissociation revealed by virtual reality. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(5), 833–843.
Guilbert, A., Clément, S., Martin, Y., Feuillet, A., & Moroni, C. (2016). Exogenous orienting of attention in hearing: A virtual reality paradigm to assess auditory attention in neglect patients. Experimental Brain Research, 234(10), 2893–2903.
Gupta, V., Knott, B. A., Kodgi, S., & Lathan, C. E. (2000). Using the “vreye” system for the assessment of unilateral visual neglect: Two case reports. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 9(3), 268–286.
Jannink, M. J. A., Aznar, M., de Kort, A. C., van de Vis, W., Veltink, P., & van der Kooij, H. (2009). Assessment of visuospatial neglect in stroke patients using virtual reality: A pilot study. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 32(4), 280–286.
Jovanovski, D., Zakzanis, K., Ruttan, L., Campbell, Z., Erb, S., & Nussbaum, D. (2012). Ecologically valid assessment of executive dysfunction using a novel virtual reality task in patients with acquired brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology, 19, 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/09084282.2011.643956.
Kang, Y. J., Ku, J., Han, K., Kim, S. I., Yu, T. W., Lee, J. H., & Park, C. I. (2008). Development and clinical trial of virtual reality-based cognitive assessment in people with stroke: Preleminary study. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 11(3), 329–339.
Katz, N., Ring, H., Naveh, Y., Kizony, R., Feintuch, U., & Weiss, P. L. (2005). Interactive virtual environment training for safe street crossing of right hemisphere stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27(20), 1235–1243.
Kim, K., Kim, J., Ku, J., Kim, D. Y., Chang, W. H., Shin, D. I., Lee, J. H., Kim, I. Y., & Kim, S. I. (2004). A virtual reality assessment and training system for unilateral neglect. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 7, 742–749.
Kim, J., Kim, K., Kim, D. Y., Chang, W. H., Park, C.-I., Ohn, S. H., Han, K., Ku, J., Nam, S. W., Kim, I. Y., & Kim, S. I. (2007). Virtual environment training system for rehabilitation of stroke patients with unilateral neglect: Crossing the virtual street. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 10(1), 7–15.
Kim, D. Y., Ku, J., Chang, W. H., Park, T. H., Lim, J. Y., Han, K., Kim, I. Y., & Kim, S. I. (2010). Assessment of post-stroke extrapersonal neglect using a three-dimensional immersive virtual street crossing program. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 121, 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01194.x.
Kim, B. R., Chun, M. H., Kim, L. S., & Park, J. Y. (2011b). Effect of virtual reality on cognition in stroke patients. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 35(3), 450–459.
Kim, Y. M., Chun, M. H., Yun, G. J., Song, Y. J., & Young, H. E. (2011a). The effect of virtual reality training on unilateral spatial neglect in stroke patients. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 35(3), 309–315.
Knight, C., Alderman, N., & Burgess, P. W. (2002). Development of a simplified version of the multiple errands test for use in hospital settings. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 12(3), 231–255.
Lee, J. H., Ku, J., Cho, W., Hahn, W. Y., Kim, I. Y., Lee, S.-M., Kang, Y., Kim, D. Y., Yu, T., Wiederhold, B. K., Wiederhold, M., & Kim, S. I. (2003). A virtual reality system for the assessment and rehabilitation of the activities of daily living. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 6(4), 383–388.
Lisa, L. P., Jughters, A., & Kerckhofs, E. (2013). The effectiveness of different treatment modalities for the rehabilitation of unilateral neglect in stroke patients: A systematic review. NeuroRehabilitation, 33, 611–620. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-130986.
Maier, M., Bañuelos, N. L., Ballester, B. R., Duarte, E., & Verschure, P. F. (2017, July). Conjunctive rehabilitation of multiple cognitive domains for chronic stroke patients in virtual reality. In Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR), 2017 international conference on (pp. 947–952). IEEE.
Morganti, F. (2004). Virtual interaction in cognitive neuropsychology. Studies in Health, Technologies and Informatics, 99, 55–70.
Myers, R. L., & Bierig, T. (2003). Virtual reality and left hemineglect: A technology for assessment and therapy. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 3, 465–468.
Navarro, M_. D., Llorens, R., Noé, E., Ferri, J., & Alcaniz, M. (2013). Validation of a low-cost virtual reality system for training street-crossing. A comparative study in healthy, neglected and non-neglected stroke individuals. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23(4), 597–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2013.806269.
Nir-Hadad, S. Y., Weiss, P. L., Waizman, A., Schwartz, N., & Kizony, R. (2017). A virtual shopping task for the assessment of executive functions: Validity for people with stroke. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 27(5), 808–833.
Pridmore, T., Cobb, S., Hilton, D., Green, J., & Eastgate, R. (2007). Mixed reality environments in stroke rehabilitation: Interfaces across the real-virtual divide. International Journal of Disability and Human Development, 6(1), 87–95.
Rand, D., Katz, N., Kizony, R., & Weiss, P. L. (2005). The virtual mall: a functional virtual environment for stroke rehabilitation. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine, 3, 193–198.
Rand, D., Katz, N., & Weiss, P. L. (2007). Evaluation of virtual shopping in the VMall: Comparison of post-stroke participants to healthy control groups. Disability and Rehabilitation, 29, 1710–1719.
Rand, D., Basha-Abu Rukan, S., Weiss, P. L., & Katz, N. (2009a). Validation of the virtual MET as an assessment tool for executive functions. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19, 583–602.
Rand, D., Weiss, P. L., & Katz, N. (2009b). Training multitasking in virtual supermarket: A novel intervention after stroke. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63(5), 535–542.
Raspelli, S., Carelli, L., Morganti, F., Poletti, B., Corra, B., Silani, V., & Riva, G. (2010). Implementation of the multiple errands test in NeuroVR supermarket: A possible approach. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 154, 115–119.
Raspelli, S., Pallavicini, F., Carelli, L., Morganti, F., Poletti, B., Corra, B., Silani, V., & Riva, G. (2011). Validation of a neuro virtual reality-based version of the multiple errands test for the assessment of executive functions. Annual Review of CyberTheraphy and Telemedicine, 9, 72–80.
Riva, G., Carelli, L., Gaggioli, A., Gorini, A., Vigna, C., Corsi, R., Faletti, G., & Vezzadini, L. (2009). NeuroVR 1.5 – a free virtual reality platform for the assessment and treatment in clinical psychology and neuroscience. Milan: Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory, Instituto Auxologico Italiano.
Rose, F. D., Brooks, B. M., Attree, E. A., Parslow, D. M., Leadbetter, A. G., McNeil, J. E., Jayawardenas, S., Greenwood, R., & Potter, J. (1999). A preliminary investigation into the use of virtual environments in memory retraining after vascular brain injury: Indications for future strategy? Disability and Rehabilitation, 21(12), 548–554.
Rose, F. D., Brooks, B. M., & Rizzo, A. A. (2005). Virtual reality in brain damage rehabilitation: Review. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 8(3), 241–262.
Rushton, S. K., Coles, K. L., & Wann, J. P. (1996). Virtual reality technology in the assessment and rehabilitation of unilateral visual neglect. 1st European Conference on Disability, Virtual Reality, and Associated Technologies. Maidenhead.
Salva, A. M., Wiederhold, B. K., Alban, A. J., Hughes, C., Smith, E., Fidopiastis, C., & Wiederhold, M. D. (2009). Cognitive therapy using mixed reality for those impaired by cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine, 7, 253–256.
Shallice, T., & Burgess, P. W. (1991). Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain, 114, 727–741.
Smith, J., Hebert, D., & Reid, D. (2007). Exploring the effects of virtual reality on unilateral neglect caused by stroke: Four case studies. Technology & Disability, 19, 29–40.
Tanaka, T., Sugihara, S., Nara, H., Ino, S., & Ifukube, T. (2005). A preliminary study of clinical assessment of the left unilateral spatial neglect using a head-mounted display system (HMD) in rehabilitation engineering technology. Journal of Neuroengineering & Rehabilitation, 2, 31–40.
Tanaka, T., Ifukube, T., Sugihara, S., & Izumi, T. (2010). A case study of new assessment and training of unilateral spatial neglect in stroke patients: Effect of visual image transformation and visual stimulation by using a head-mounted display system (HMD). Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 7(20), 1–8.
Tsirlin, I., Dupierrix, E., Chokron, S., Coquillart, S., & Ohlmann, T. (2009). Uses of virtual reality for diagnosis, rehabilitation and study of unilateral spatial neglect: Review and analysis. CyberPsychology & Behaviour, 12(2), 175–181.
Weiss, P. L., Naveh, Y., & Katz, N. (2003). Design and testing of virtual environment to train stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect to cross a street safely. Occupational Therapy International, 10(1), 39–55.
Williams, G. R., Jiang, J. G., Matchar, D. B., & Samsa, G. O. (1999). Incidence and occurrence of total (first-ever and recurrent) stroke. Stroke, 30, 2523–2528.
Yasuda, K., Muroi, D., Ohira, M., & Iwata, H. (2017). Validation of an immersive virtual reality system for training near and far space neglect in individuals with stroke: A pilot study. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 24(7), 533–538.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nolin, P., Besnard, J., Allain, P., Banville, F. (2019). Assessment and Rehabilitation Using Virtual Reality after Stroke: A Literature Review. In: Rizzo, A.“., Bouchard, S. (eds) Virtual Reality for Psychological and Neurocognitive Interventions. Virtual Reality Technologies for Health and Clinical Applications. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9482-3_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9482-3_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9480-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9482-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)