Abstract
Older adults are one of the fastest growing segments of the US population. In 2016, more than 48 million people over age 65 lived in the country, accounting for over 15% of the population and representing a 30% increase since 2005 (Administration on Aging, 2016a, 2016b; United States Census, 2016). Moreover, by 2060, the number of adults living in the USA who are over age 65 is expected to double, reaching an anticipated 98 million (Administration on Aging, 2016a, 2016b). This growth is due in large part to increases in ethnic minority populations. Since 2005, racial and ethnic minority populations in the country have increased from 6.7 million to over 11 million, with projections estimating an increase to 21 million by 2030 (Administration on Aging, 2016a, 2016b). Individuals of racial or ethnic backgrounds make up a significant portion of the total population over age 65; in 2015, 22% of older adults identified as an ethnicity other than “White,” with the highest proportions being African-American (not Hispanic) or Hispanic (Administration on Aging, 2016a, 2016b). When working with older adults, clinicians must be sensitive to the increasingly heterogeneous nature of this population, a point which will be further discussed in this chapter.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Administration on Aging. (2016a). Older Americans: Key indicators of well-being. Retrieved from https://agingstats.gov/docs/LatestReport/Older-Americans-2016-Key-Indicators-of-WellBeing.pdf
Administration on Aging. (2016b). Profile on older Americans. Retrieved from http://www.aoa.gov/prof/Statistics/future_growth/aging21/health.aspx
Alexopoulos, G. S. (2005). Depression in the elderly. Lancet, 365, 1961–1970.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Balsis, S., Gleason, M. E. J., & Woods, C. M. (2007). An item response theory analysis of DSM-IV personality disorder criteria across younger and older age groups. Psychology and Aging, 22, 171–185.
Balsis, S., Woods, C. M., Gleason, M. E., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2007). Overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of personality disorders in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15(9), 742–753.
Barbour, K. E., Helmick, C. G., Theis, K. A., Murphy, L. B., Hootman, J. M., Brady, T. J., & Cheng, Y. J. (2013). Prevalence of doctor-diagnosed arthritis and arthritis-attributable activity limitation—United States. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(44), 869–873.
Beaudreau, S. A., & O’Hara, R. (2009). The association of anxiety and depression symptoms with cognitive performance in community-dwelling older adults. Psychology and Aging, 23(3), 507–512.
Bennett, S., & Thomas, A. J. (2014). Depression and dementia: cause, consequence or coincidence? Maturitas, 79(2), 184–190.
Blazer, D. (2015). The psychiatric interview of older adults. In D. C. Steffens, D. G. Blazer, & M. E. Thakur (Eds.), The American psychiatric publishing textbook of geriatric psychiatry (pp. 89–107). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Borson, S., Scanlan, J., Brush, M., Vitaliano, P., & Dokmak, A. (2000). The Mini-Cog: a cognitive “vital signs” measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15, 1021–1027.
Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). Anxiety and related disorders interview schedule for DSM-5. N (ADIS-5)—adult and lifetime version. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Butler, R. N. (1969). Age-ism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist, 9(4, Pt. 1), 243–246.
Byers, A. L., Arean, P. A., & Yaffe, K. (2012). Low use of mental health services among older Americans with mood and anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Services, 63(1), 66–72.
Center for Disease Control. (2013). The state of aging and health in America. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/aging/pdf/state-aging-health-in-america-2013.pdf
Chen, C.-M., Lee, I.-C., Su, Y.-Y., Mullan, J., & Chiu, H.-C. (2017). The longitudinal relationship between mental health disorders and chronic disease for older adults: a population-based study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32(9), 1017–1026.
Conner, S., & Solomon, S. (2017). Psychiatric manifestations of endocrine disorders. HSOA Journal of Human Endocrinology, 2, 2–7.
Cooper, C., Tandy, A. R., Balamurali, T. B., & Livingston, G. (2010). A systematic review and meta-analysis of ethnic differences in use of dementia treatment, care, and research. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(3), 193–203.
Cordell, C. B., Borson, S., Boustani, M., Chodosh, J., Reuben, J., Verghese, J., … Fried, L. B. (2013). Alzheimer’s Association recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 9(2), 141–150.
De Paula, J. J., Bicalho, M. A., Avila, R. T., Cintra, M. T. G., Diniz, B. S., Romano-Silva, M. A., & Malloy-Diniz, L. F. (2016). A reanalysis of cognitive-functional performance in older adults: Investigating the interaction between normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, mild Alzheimer’s disease dementia, and depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2061–2065.
Derouesne, C., Rapin, J. R., & Lacomblez, L. (2004). Memory complaints in 200 subjects meeting the diagnostic criteria for age-associated memory impairment: Psychoaffective and cognitive correlates. Psychologie & Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement, 2(1), 67–74.
Diniz, B. S., Butters, M. A., Albert, S. M., Dew, M. A., & Reynolds, C. F., III. (2013). Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202, 329–335.
Dong, X. (2014). Elder abuse: Research, practice, and health policy. The 2012 GSA Maxwell Pollack award lecture. The Gerontologist, 54(2), 153–162.
Dunlop, D. D., Manheim, L. M., Song, J., & Chang, R. W. (2002). Gender and ethnic/racial disparities in health care utilization among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(4), S221–S233.
Dwyer, L., Han, B., Woodwell, D., & Rechtsteiner, E. A. (2009). Polypharmacy in nursing home residents in the United States: Results of the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 8, 63–72.
Edelstein, B., Koven, L., Spira, A., & Shreve-Neiger, A. (2003). Older adults. In M. Hersen & S. Turner (Eds.), Diagnostic interviewing (3rd ed., pp. 433–455). New York, NY: Kluwer/Plenum.
Edelstein, B. A., Bamonti, P. M., Gregg, J. J., & Gerolimatos, L. A. (2015). Depression in late life. In P. A. Lichtenberg & B. T. Mast (Eds.), APA handbook of clinical geropsychology: Vol 2. Assessment, treatment, and issues of later life. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Edelstein, B. A., Woodhead, E. L., Segal, D. L., Heisel, M. J., Bower, E. H., Lowery, A. J., & Stoner, S. A. (2007). Older adult psychological assessment: Current instrument status and related considerations. Clinical Gerontologist, 31(3), 1–35.
Edelstein, B. A., Heisel, M. J., McKee, D. R., Martin, R. R., Koven, L. P., Duberstein, P. R., & Britton, P. C. (2009). Development and psychometric evaluation of the reasons for living–older adults scale: A suicide risk assessment inventory. The Gerontologist, 49, 736–745.
Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics. (2012). Older Americans 2012: Key indicators of well-being. Retrieved from https://agingstats.gov/docs/PastReports/2012/OA2012.pdf
First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders, clinician version (SCID-5-CV). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
Fiske, A., Kasl-Godley, J. E., & Gatz, M. (1988). Mood disorders in late life. In B. Edelstein (Ed.), Comprehensive clinical psychology, Volume 7, Clinical geropsychology (pp. 193–229). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd.
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., White, T., & Messer, M. A. (2010). Mini-mental state examination: Users manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Fountoulakis, K. N., O’Hara, R., Iacovides, A., Camilleri, C. P., Kaprinis, S., Kaprinis, G., & Yesavage, J. (2003). Unipolar late-onset depression: A comprehensive review. Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry, 2(1), 11.
Furr, R. M. (2017). Psychometrics: An introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gara, M. A., Vega, W. A., Arndt, S., Escamilla, M., Fleck, D. E., Lawson, W. B., & Strakowski, S. M. (2012). Influence of client race and ethnicity on clinical assessment in clients with affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(6), 593–600.
Gerolimatos, L., Gregg, J., & Edelstein, B. (2015). Interviewing older adults. In N. Pachana & K. Laidlaw (Eds.), Oxford handbook of geropsychology (pp. 163–183). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Gerontological Society of America. (2018). OTC medications and older adults. Retrieved from https://www.geron.org/programs-services/alliances-and-multi-stakeholder-collaborations/otc-medications-older-adults
Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1983). Boston diagnostic aphasia examination booklet. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger.
Gould, C. E., Kok, B. C., Vanessa, K., & Edelstein, B. A. (in press). Clinical assessment of late-life anxiety. In G. J. Byrne & N. A. Pachana (Eds.), Anxiety in older people: Clinical and research perspectives. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Groth-Marnat, G., & Wright, A. J. (2016). Handbook of psychological assessment (6th ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Hajjar, E., Hanlon, J. T., Sloane, R. J., Lindblad, C. I., Pieper, C. F., Ruby, C. M., … Schmader, K. E. (2005). Unnecessary drug use in frail older people at hospital discharge. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 1518–1523.
Harada, C. N., Natelson Love, M. C., & Triebel, K. (2013). Normal cognitive aging. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 29(4), 737–752.
Haralambous, B., Tinney, J., LoGiudice, D., Lee, S. M., & Lin, X. (2017). Interpreter-mediated cognitive assessments: who wins and who loses? Clinical Gerontologist, 41(3), 227–236.
Haynes, S. N., O’Brien, W., & Kaholokula, J. (2011). Behavioral assessment and case formulation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Hegeman, J. M., Kok, R. M., Van der Mast, R. C., & Giltay, E. J. (2012). Phenomenology of depression in older compared with younger adults: meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(4), 275–281.
Heisel, M. J., & Flett, G. L. (2006). The development and initial validation of the geriatric suicide ideation scale. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(9), 742–751.
Hood, S., & Amir, S. (2017). The aging clock: Circadian rhythms and later life. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 127(2), 437–336.
Hybels, C., Landerman, L. R., & Blazer, D. G. (2012). Age differences in symptom expression in clients with major depression. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(6), 601–611.
Inouye, S., & Charpentier, P. A. (1996). Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 275(11), 852.
Inouye, S. K., Westendorp, R. G., & Saczynski, J. S. (2014). Delirium in elderly people. Lancet, 383(9920), 911–922.
Insel, K. C., & Badger, T. A. (2002). Deciphering the 4 D’s: cognitive decline, delirium, depression and dementia–a review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 38(4), 360–368.
Ivey, D. C., Wieling, E., & Harris, S. M. (2000). Save the young—the elderly have lived their lives: Ageism in marriage and family therapy. Family Process, 39, 163–175.
James, J. W., & Haley, W. E. (1995). Age and health bias in practicing clinical psychologists. Psychology and Aging, 10, 610–616.
Jang, Y., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2011). Social activity and depressive symptoms in Korean American older adults: The conditioning role of acculturation. Journal of Aging and Health, 23(5), 767–781.
Joffe, R. T., Pearce, E. N., Hennessey, J. V., Ryan, J. J., & Stern, R. A. (2013). Subclinical hypothyroidism, mood, and cognition in older adults: a review. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(2), 111–118.
Joiner, T. E., Walker, R. L., Rudd, M. D., & Jobes, D. A. (1999). Scientizing and routinizing the assessment of suicidality in outpatient practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 30, 447–453.
Kessler, E. M., Agines, S., & Bowen, C. E. (2014). Attitudes towards seeking mental health services among older adults: personal and contextual correlates. Aging & Mental Health, 19(2), 182–191.
Krebber, A. M. H., Buffart, L. M., Kleijn, G., Riepma, I. C., Bree, R., Leemans, C. R., & Verdonck-de Leeuw, I. M. (2014). Prevalence of depression in cancer clients: a meta-analysis of diagnostic interviews and self-report instruments. Psycho-Oncology, 23(2), 121–130.
Kwag, K. H., Jang, Y., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2012). Acculturation and depressive symptoms in Hispanic older adults: Does perceived ethnic density moderate their relationship? Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 14(6), 1107–1111.
Laborde-Lahoz, P., El-Gabalawy, R., Kinley, J., Kirwin, P. D., Sareen, J., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2014). Subsyndromal depression among older adults in the USA: prevalence, comorbidity, and risk for new-onset psychiatric disorders in late life. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(7), 677–685.
Langa, K. M., Larson, E. B., Crimmins, E. M., Faul, J. D., Levine, D. A., … Weir, D. R. (2012). A comparison of the prevalence of dementia in the United States in 2000 and 2012. Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine, 177(1), 51–58.
Laukka, E. J., Dykiert, D., Allerhand, M., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2018). Effects of between-person differences and within-person changes in symptoms of anxiety and depression in older age cognitive performance. Psychological Medicine, 48, 1350–1358.
Lawton, M. P., Kleban, M. H., & Dean, J. (1993). Affect and age: Cross sectional comparisons of structure and prevalence. Psychology and Aging, 8, 165–175.
Levy, S. R., & Macdonald, J. L. (2016). Progress on understanding ageism. Journal of Social Issues, 72(1), 5–25.
Luo, L., & Craik, F. I. M. (2008). Aging and memory: A cognitive approach. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 346–353.
Lutz, J., Edelstein, B., Katz, E., & Gallegos, J. V. (2018). A shortened version of the reasons for living—older adults scale for clinical and research utility. The Gerontologist. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny009
Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J. (2006). Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes. Aging and Mental Health, 10(6), 574–582.
Marsh, L. (2013). Depression and Parkinson’s disease: Current knowledge. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 13(12), 409.
Matcham, F., Rayner, L., Steer, S., & Hotopf, M. (2013). The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology, 52(12), 2136–2148.
May, C. P., Hasher, L., & Stoltzfus, E. R. (1993). Optimal time of day and the magnitude of age differences in memory. Psychological Science, 4, 326–330.
Meyer, G. J., Fionn, S. E., Eude, L. D., Kay, G. G., Moreland, K. L., Dies, R. R., … Read, G. M. (2001). Psychological testing and psychological assessment: A review of evidence and issues. American Psychologist, 56(2), 128–165.
Miller, J. W., Harvey, D. J., Beckett, L. A., Green, R., Farias, S. T., Reed, B. R., & DeCarli, C. (2015). Vitamin D status and rates of cognitive decline in a multiethnic cohort of older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association Neurology, 72(11), 1295–1303.
Mitchell, A. J., & Shiri‐Feshki, M. (2009). Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia–meta‐analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119(4), 252–265.
Mohlman, J., Bryant, C., Lenze, E., Stanley, M. A., Gum, A., Flint, A., … Craske, M. G. (2011). Improving recognition of late life anxiety disorders in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition: Observations and recommendations of the Advisory Committee to the Lifespan Disorders Work Group. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27, 549–556.
Mohlman, J., Sirota, K. G., Papp, L. A., Staples, A. M., King, A., & Gorenstein, E. E. (2012). Clinical interviewing with older adults. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19, 89–100.
Morimoto, S. S., Kanellopolous, D., & Alexopoulos, G. S. (2014). Cognitive impairment in older adults: Implications for prognosis and treatment. Psychiatric Annals, 44(3), 138–142.
Nam, S., Chesla, C., Stotts, N. A., Kroon, L., & Janson, S. L. (2011). Barriers to diabetes management: Patient and provider factors. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 93(1), 1–9.
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bedirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699.
National Eye Institute. (2018). Cataracts. Retrieved from https://nei.nih.gov/eyedata/cataract#1
NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center (2016). National Institutes of Health. https://www.bones.nih.gov/
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/age-related-hearing-loss
North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2012). An inconvenienced youth? Ageism and its potential intergenerational roots. Psychological Bulletin, 138(5), 982.
Owsley, C. (2016). Vision and aging. Annual Review of Vision Science, 2, 255–271. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-111815-114550
Park, D. C., Lautenschlager, G., Hedden, T., Davidson, N. S., Smith, A. D., & Smith, P. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 17, 299–320.
Phillips, M. R. (2016). Would the use of dimensional measures improve the utility of psychiatric diagnoses? World Psychiatry, 15(1), 38–39.
Prediger, R. D., Matheus, F. C., Schwarzbold, M. L., Lima, M. M., & Vital, M. A. (2012). Anxiety in Parkinson’s disease: a critical review of experimental and clinical studies. Neuropharmacology, 62(1), 115–124.
Qato, D. M., Alexander, G. C., Conti, R., Johnson, M., Schumm, P., & Lindau, S. T. (2008). Use of prescription and over-the-counter medications and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300, 2867–2878.
Quan, H., Arboleda-Flórez, J., Fick, G. H., Stuart, H. L., & Love, E. J. (2002). Association between physical illness and suicide among the elderly. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37(4), 190–197.
Rettew, D. G., Lynch, A. D., Achenbach, T. M., Dumenci, L., & Ivanova, M. Y. (2009). Meta-analyses of agreement between diagnoses made from clinical evaluations and standardized diagnostic interviews. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 18(3), 169–184.
Robb, C., Haley, W. E., Becker, M. A., Polivka, L. A., & Chwa, H. J. (2003). Attitudes towards mental health care in younger and older adults: Similarities and differences. Aging & Mental Health, 7(2), 142–152.
Saha, S., Komaromy, M., Koepsell, T.D., & Bindman, A.B. (1999). Patient-physician racial concordance & the perceived quality & use of health care. Archives of Internal Medicine, 59(9), 997–1004.
Schmidt, C., Fabienne, C., Cajochen, C., & Peigneux, P. (2007). A time to think: Circadian rhythms in human cognition. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 24, 755–789.
Segal, D. L., & Williams, K. N. (2014). Structured and semistructured interviews for differential diagnosis: Fundamental issues, applications, and features. In D. C. Beidel, B. C. Frueh, & M. Hersen (Eds.), Adult psychopathology and diagnosis (7th ed., pp. 103–129). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Shapiro, A. M., Benedict, R. H., Schretlen, D., & Brandt, J. (1999). Construct and concurrent validity of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–revised. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13(3), 348–358.
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubie, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weille, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59. (Suppl 20, 22–33.
Smith, B. D., Smith, G. L., Hurria, A., Hortobagyi, G. N., & Buchholz, T. A. (2009). Future of cancer incidence in the United States: Burdens upon an aging, changing nation. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27(17), 2758–2765.
Starkman, M. N. (2013). Neuropsychiatric findings in Cushing’s syndrome and exogenous glucocorticoid administration. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, 42, 477–488.
Stover, P. J. (2010). Vitamin B12 and older adults. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 13(1), 24.
Sturges, M., Cannell, J. J., & Grant, W. B. (2017, September). Health condition: Vitamin D and cognitive impairment. The Vitamin D Council Blog & Newsletter.
Taché, S. V., Sonnichsen, A., & Ashcroft, D. M. (2011). Prevalence of adverse drug events in ambulatory care: A systematic review. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 45, 977–989.
Tait, R. C., & Chibnall, J. T. (2014). Racial/ethnic disparities in the assessment and treatment of pain: Psychosocial perspectives. American Psychologist, 69(2), 131.
Tinetti, M. E., Fried, R. R., & Boyd, C. M. (2012). Designing health care for the most common chronic condition—multimorbidity. Journal of the American Medical Association, 307, 2493–2494.
Van Orden, K., & Conwell, Y. (2011). Suicide in late life. Current Psychiatry Reports, 13(3), 234–241.
Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 629–640.
Wetherell, J. L., Reynolds, C. A., Gatz, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2002). Anxiety, cognitive performance, and cognitive decline in normal aging. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(3), P246–P255.
Wilkins, C. H., Sheline, Y. I., Roe, C. M., Birge, S. J., & Morris, J. C. (2006). Vitamin D deficiency is associated with low mood and worse cognitive performance in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(12), 1032–1040.
Wirdefeldt, K., Adami, H. O., Cole, P., Trichopoulos, D., & Mandel, J. (2011). Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson’s disease: A review of the evidence. European Journal of Epidemiology, 26(1), 1–58.
Witten, T. M., & Eyler, A. E. (Eds.). (2012). Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender aging: Challenges in research, practice, and policy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Wong, G., & Baden, A. L. (2001). Multicultural sensitive assessment with older adults: Recommendations and areas for additional study. In L. A. Suzuki, P. J. Meller, & P. G. Ponerotto (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural assessment: Clinical, psychological, and educational applications (2nd ed., pp. 497–522). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
World Health Organization. (2014). Preventing suicide: A global perspective. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/131056/8/9789241564878_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1
World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders global health estimates. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/management/depression/prevalence_global_health_estimates/en/
World Health Organization. (2018). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10th revision). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10.htm
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1983). Development and validation of a screening scale for geriatric depression: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37–49.
Yoon, C., May, C. P., & Hasher, L. (1999). Aging, circadian arousal patterns, and cognition. In Cognition, aging, and self-reports (pp. 117–143). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Zhang, D. M., Ye, J. X., Mu, J. S., & Cui, X. P. (2017). Efficacy of vitamin B supplementation on cognition in elderly patients with cognitive-related diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 30(1), 50–59.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Spalding, R., Katz, E., Edelstein, B. (2019). Older Adults. In: Segal, D.L. (eds) Diagnostic Interviewing. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9127-3_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9127-3_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9126-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9127-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)