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West Nile Virus in Immunocompromised Hosts

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Principles and Practice of Transplant Infectious Diseases

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Abstract

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging pathogen endemic in Africa and Europe. Recent events demonstrate the speed with which a vector-borne disease like WNV can disseminate when introduced into a susceptible, pathogen-naïve population, where competent reservoir and vectors are present. Since the arrival of WNV to the North American continent in 1999, it is estimated that 2–4 million people have been infected in the USA alone. It has special relevance to the immunocompromised host populations because of the possibility of WNV transmission through organ transplantation and the increased risk of neuroinvasive disease in immunocompromised patients. In this chapter a detailed discussion of WNV infection with a focus in transplant population is presented.

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Abbreviations

AFP:

Acute flaccid paralysis

CDC:

Center for Disease Control and Prevention

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

HSCT:

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

IFN:

Interferon

IVIG:

Intravenous immunoglobulin

MAC-ELISA:

IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

NAAT:

Nucleic acid amplification testing

PRNT:

Plaque reduction neutralization test

SOT :

Solid organ transplantation

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

WNE:

West Nile encephalitis

WNF:

West Nile fever

WNND:

West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease

WNV:

West Nile virus

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

    Dora Y. Ho

  2. Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Joanna M. D. Schaenman

  3. Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Lindsey R. Baden

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  1. Dora Y. Ho
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  3. Lindsey R. Baden
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Correspondence to Dora Y. Ho .

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  1. Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, TX, USA

    Amar Safdar

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Ho, D.Y., Schaenman, J.M.D., Baden, L.R. (2019). West Nile Virus in Immunocompromised Hosts. In: Safdar, A. (eds) Principles and Practice of Transplant Infectious Diseases. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9034-4_44

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