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Asynchronous Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources with Packetized Energy Management

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Energy Markets and Responsive Grids

Part of the book series: The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications ((IMA,volume 162))

Abstract

To enable greater penetration of renewable energy, there is a need to move away from the traditional form of ensuring electric grid reliability through fast-ramping generators and instead consider an active role for flexible and controllable distributed energy resources (DERs), e.g., plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), and energy storage systems (ESSs) at the consumer level. However, in order to facilitate consumer acceptance of this type of load coordination, DERs need to be managed in a way that avoids degrading the consumers’ quality of service (QoS), autonomy, and privacy. This work leverages a probabilistic packetized approach to energy delivery that draws inspiration from random access, digital communications. Packetized energy management (PEM) is an asynchronous, bottom-up coordination scheme for DERs that both abides by the constraints of the transmission and distribution grids and does not require explicit knowledge of specific DER’s local states or schedules. We present a novel macro-model that approximates the aggregate behavior of packetized DERs and is suitable for estimation and control of available flexible DERs to closely track a time-varying regulation signal. PEM is then implemented in a transmission/distribution system setting, validated with realistic numerical simulations, and compared against state-of-the-art load coordination schemes from industry.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Physically, c and ρ vary with water temperature, but this relationship is ignored herein as it does not affect the results or conclusion of PEM’s local decision-making.

  2. 2.

    The binary zn implies that (2) is a hybrid dynamic model.

  3. 3.

    While the VPP needs to estimate and predict the aggregate flexibility from available loads, these results focus on the tracking control problem as the estimation problem represents ongoing research

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the US Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) grant DE-AR0000694.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Vermont, 210 Colchester Avenue, Farrell Hall 200A, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA

    Mads Almassalkhi, Luis Duffaut Espinosa, Paul D. H. Hines, Jeff Frolik & Mahraz Amini

  2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA

    Sumit Paudyal

Authors
  1. Mads Almassalkhi
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  2. Luis Duffaut Espinosa
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  3. Paul D. H. Hines
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  4. Jeff Frolik
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  5. Sumit Paudyal
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  6. Mahraz Amini
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mads Almassalkhi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

    Sean Meyn

  2. Technological Leadership Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Tariq Samad

  3. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    Ian Hiskens

  4. Department of Electronic Systems, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

    Jakob Stoustrup

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Almassalkhi, M., Espinosa, L.D., H. Hines, P.D., Frolik, J., Paudyal, S., Amini, M. (2018). Asynchronous Coordination of Distributed Energy Resources with Packetized Energy Management. In: Meyn, S., Samad, T., Hiskens, I., Stoustrup, J. (eds) Energy Markets and Responsive Grids. The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, vol 162. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7822-9_14

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