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The Rise of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology pp 365–412Cite as

Fetal Growth and Its Restriction

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Part of the book series: Perspectives in Physiology ((PHYSIOL))

Abstract

In his essay “On being the right size,” the British geneticist, biometrician, and popularizer of science John Burdon Sanderson (JBS) Haldane (1892–1964) theorized on and presented some mathematical analysis for the optimal size of various organisms. In addition to consideration of body mass, he included surface area, weight-bearing bone structure, respiratory and circulating mechanisms, and other features of comparative anatomy and physiology (Haldane 1927). His analysis extended from insects to birds to a number of mammals which varied in size from mice to the rhinoceros. Haldane concluded “… that for every type of animal there is an optimal size” (Haldane 1927). A number of studies have disclosed that even for the fetus development follows clearly defined mathematical principles (Roberts 1906; see below). Prior to full maturity, timely growth, both physical and mental, is one of the best indicators of a fully functional physiological system and health. As is appreciated, optimal growth of the embryo-fetus and its various organs is a complex process that is a function of genetic makeup, state of maternal health, the availability of nutrients and oxygen, as well as a multitude of growth factors and hormones of maternal, placental, and fetal origin. In addition, a host of environmental factors that influence epigenetic programming play vital roles in this process. These factors are associated with physiologic, biochemical, and molecular changes, most of which are only poorly understood (Cheek 1975; Timiras 1972; Winick 1972). From mid-century onward, considerable emphasis has been placed on the mechanisms of cell division and multiplication (hyperplasia) and cell enlargement with cytoplasmic growth (hypertrophy) that result in the deposition of new tissue and change in anatomical form (Cheek 1975; Cockburn 1988; Fowden 1989; Winick 1972; Winick and Noble 1965).

We are too late for the gods and too early for the being. Being’s a poem, just begun, is man.

Martin Heidegger 1971

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Notes

  1. 1.

    An intricate knot tied by King Gordius of Phrygia and cut by Alexander the Great (356 BCE-323 BCE) with his sword after hearing an oracle promise that whoever could undo it would be the next ruler of Asia.

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  1. Longo Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA

    Lawrence D. Longo

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Longo, L.D. (2018). Fetal Growth and Its Restriction. In: The Rise of Fetal and Neonatal Physiology . Perspectives in Physiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7483-2_12

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