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Airborne LiDAR Applications in Forest Landscapes

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Mapping Forest Landscape Patterns

Abstract

This chapter provides an introduction and overview of using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) in forest applications. The first section explains the principles and basic terminology for LiDAR and introduces the use of LiDAR on three different platforms (spaceborne, airborne, and terrestrial) for forest applications. The second section discusses applications in relation to the primary measurements from a LiDAR point cloud, primarily information derived from distance (from the aircraft to the target). We cover concepts related to different representations of surfaces (e.g., digital surface model, digital terrain model, digital elevation model, and canopy height model). Typically, single trees can be identified from the canopy height model and there are two different ways to assign LiDAR points to individual trees, the surface-based method and the point-based method. The third section discusses forest applications in relation to secondary measurement from a LiDAR point cloud, information derived from point cloud geometry rather than direct distance measurements. This section covers tree genera classification; the use of allometric equations for deriving DBH, biomass, and other forest attributes; and the classification of vegetation types. Three ways of getting genera information are discussed, including the vertical profile method, methods relying on geometry derived from individual tree point clouds, and methods that incorporate spectral information. The fourth section provides a case study for identifying potential tree hazards along a powerline corridor in Ontario, Canada. We conclude by discussing the future of this technology.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

ALS:

Airborne laser scanning

BA:

Basal area

CHM:

Canopy height model

DBH:

Diameter at breast height

DEM:

Digital elevation model

DSM:

Digital surface model

DTM:

Digital terrain model

GIS:

Geographical information system

GLAS:

Geoscience laser altimeter system

GPS:

Global positioning system

ICESat:

Ice, cloud and land elevation satellite

IMU:

Inertial measurement unit

L t :

The travel time of a light pulse

LiDAR:

Light detection and ranging

MODIS:

Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer

MVCD:

Minimum vegetation clearance distance

p :

Number of points projected into a horizontal area (i.e., the point density)

R :

Range for LiDAR

SLS:

Spaceborne laser scanning

t L :

The total travel time of a single energy pulse

t rise :

Rise time of an energy pulse

TLS:

Terrestrial laser scanning

UAV:

Unmanned aerial vehicle

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  1. Department of Geography, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3

    Connie Ko & Tarmo K. Remmel

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  1. Department of Geography, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Tarmo K. Remmel

  2. Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada

    Ajith H. Perera

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Ko, C., Remmel, T.K. (2017). Airborne LiDAR Applications in Forest Landscapes. In: Remmel, T., Perera, A. (eds) Mapping Forest Landscape Patterns. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7331-6_4

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