Skip to main content

BSR in Transitional China: Traditions, Practices, and Future

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Corporate Social Responsibility and the Three Sectors in Asia

Part of the book series: Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies ((NCSS))

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of BSR in China. It first reviews the history of BSR in China before the twentieth century to lay the cultural background for the discussion. It also illustrates how BSR was reintroduced in modern China after the economic reform to provide the social and economic background for the discussion. Then the chapter introduces the current legislative framework for BSR under the Communist Party’s leadership. Afterward, it provides detailed data and cases on BSR practices in traditional enterprises (state-owned enterprises , Chinese private enterprises , and multi-national corporations) as well as the newly emerged social enterprises . The study then (using the latest research findings and media reports) analyzes the current level of BSR performance and its challenges in each type of enterprise. Finally, the chapter offers some recommendations for BSR policy and practice in China.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Amyway. (2011). Amway (China) corporate social responsibility report 2011. Retrieved from http://www.amway.com.cn/activity/csrbg/a/T634835857567033170.pdf

  • Apple. (2012). Supplier responsibility 2012 progress report. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/supplierresponsibility/pdf/Apple_SR_2012_Progress_Report.pdf

  • Bao, L. (2009, August 12). Shui lai zhizhang 760 yi dizhen juanzeng? [Who is in charge of the RMB 76 billion donation for the earthquake?]. Retrieved from http://www.cyol.net/zqb/content/2009-08/12/content_2800866.htm

  • BC (British Council). (2008). The general report of social enterprise in China. Retrieved from Beijing http://dsi.britishcouncil.org.cn/images/BC_China_Social_Enterprise_Research_Report.pdf

  • Bell, D. A. (2008). China’s new confucianism: Politics and everyday life in a changing society. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradsher, K. (2012, November 9). China’s grip on economy will test new leaders. The New York Times.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai, S., Jun, M., & Yang, Z. (2010). Implementing supply chain information integration in China: The role of institutional forces and trust. Journal of Operations Management, 28(3), 257–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 479–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caroll, A. B. (1991). The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4), 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CASS-RCCSR (Research Center for Corporate Social Responsibility Chinese Academy of Social Sciences). (2012). Corporate citizenship in action. Beijing, China: Social Science Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • CBMNPO (China Bureau of Management of NPOs). (2009). Zhongguo feinongmu jijinhui zilv xuanyan [Declaration of self-regulation of private foundations in China]. Retrieved from http://www.chinanpo.gov.cn/web/showBulltetin.do?id=35519&dictionid=1940

  • CCIC. (China Charity Information Center). (2011). 2011 niandu Zhongguo cishan toumingdu baogao [2011 China charity transparency report]. Retrieved from Beijing, China. Retrieved from http://www.charity.gov.cn/fsm/sites/diaphanous/index.jsp.

  • CCIC (China Charity Information Center). (2011). 2011 Zhongguo cishan juanzhu baogao [2011 China charitable donation report]. Beijing, China: China Society Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • CFC (China Foundation Center). (2013). China foundation transparency index. Retrieved from http://www.fti.org.cn/index.html

  • CFC (China Foundation Center), & CCA (Corporate Citizenship in Action). (2011). Zhongguo qiye jijinhui fazhan yanjiu baogao 2011 [China Corporate Foundation Development Report]. Retrieved from Beijing, China.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, D. (2008). Dalu Gongsifa zhong gongsi shehui zeren zhi yanjiu [A study on corporate social responsibility in China’s Company Law]. Retrieved from Taiwan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chell, E. (2007). Social enterprise and entrepreneurship: Towards a convergent theory of the entrepreneurial process. International Small Business Journal, 25(1), 5–26. doi:10.1177/0266242607071779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, D. (2012). The credit crisis of the Chinese charity organizations. Journal of Hebei Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 35(1), 23–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H., & Liu, Z. (2005). Jiuzai yu jipin: Zhongguo fengjian shidai de shehui jiuzhu huodong (1750–1911) [Disaster relief and poverty relief: Social assistance in feudal China (1750–1911)]. Beijing, China: Renmin University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, T. S., & King, A. Y. C. (2011). A study of confucian entrepreneurs in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. In A. Y. So, N. Lin, & D. Poston (Eds.), The Chinese triangle of Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong: Comparative institutional analyses (pp. 43–58). Westport, CT: Greenwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, E., & Kim, S. (2013). The study of the impact of perceived quality and value of social enterprises on customer satisfaction and re-purchase intention. International Journal of Smart Home, 7(1), 239–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, N., & Xu, Y. (2001). Socialist welfare in a market economy: Social security reforms in Guangzhou, China. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornelius, N., Todres, M., Janjuha-Jivraj, S., Woods, A., & Wallace, J. (2008). Corporate social responsibility and the social enterprise. Journal of Business Ethics, 81(2), 355–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CSC (Chinese State Council). (1995). Zhongguo renmin gongheguo jiaoyufa [Education law of the People’s Republic of China].

    Google Scholar 

  • CSC (Chinese State Council). (2002). Zhonghua renmin gongheguo minban jiaoyu cujinfa [Law of the People’s Republic of China on promotion of privately-run schools]. Retrieved from Beijing, China.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, B. (2003). Red capitalists in China: The party, private entrepreneurs, and prospects for political change. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, J., Freundlich, T., Fruchterman, J., Berlin, L., & Stevenson, K. (2007). Nothing ventured, nothing gained: Addressing the critical gaps in risk-taking capital for social enterprise. Retrieved from Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estes, R. J., & Zhou, H. (2014). A conceptual approach to the creation of public–private partnerships in social welfare. International Journal of Social Welfare. doi:10.1111/ijsw.12142

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2013). FAOSTAT. Retrieved from http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html

  • Forbes. (2012). 2012 nian Zhongguo zui touming de 25 jia cishan jijinhui [2012 The most transparent foundations in China]. Retrieved from http://www.forbeschina.com/review/201211/0021530.shtml

  • Friedman, T. L. (2012). China needs its own dream. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/03/opinion/friedman-china-needs-its-own-dream.html?_r=0

  • Friends of Nature, The Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, Envirofriends, Nature University, & Nanjing Greenstone. (2013). Apple opens up: IT industry supply chain investigative report—Phase VI. Retrieved from http://www.ipe.org.cn/Upload/Report-IT-Phase-VI-EN.pdf

  • Fuma, S. (2005). Zhongguo shanhui shantang shi yanjiu [A study on the history of benevolent societies and charitable institutes in China] (Y. Wu, W. Yang & X. Zhang, Trans.). Beijing, China: Commercial Press (Original work published in 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  • FYSE. (2012). China social enterprise report. Retrieved from Beijing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu, J., & Wang, Y. (2012). Environmental feedback: Lessons from pollution problems in China. Ecotoxicology, 21(6), 1583–1584. doi:10.1007/s10646-012-0954-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gugler, P., & Shi, J. J. (2009). Corporate social responsibility for developing country multinational corporations: Lost war in pertaining global competitiveness? Journal of Business Ethics, 87(1), 3–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannum, E., & Park, A. (2002, Spring). Educating China’s rural children in the 21st century. Harvard China Review, 3(2), 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, C. L. (2008). ‘Rehabilitating Charity’ in China: The case of project hope and the rise of non-profit organizations. Journal of Civil Society, 4(2), 81–96. doi:10.1080/17448680802335144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, M. (2009). Zhongguo minying jingji fazhan baogao No. 6 (2008–2009) [The development report of non-state-Owned economy in China No.6 (2008–2009)]. Beijing, China: Social Science Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, M., & Hu, D. (2006). Zhongguo minying jingji fazhan baogao No.3 (2005–2006) [The development report of non-state-Owned economy in China No.3 (2005–2006)]. Beijing, China: Social Science Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, G., & Xu, L. (2003). “Heli huibao” buneng chengwei mouqu baoli de yanhu [“Reasonable reward” should not become shields for excessive profits]. Education and Vocation (17), 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, M. (1995). Bureaucrats and markets in China: The rise and fall of entrepreneurial local government. Governance, 8(3), 335–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IMF (International Monetary Fund). (2011). World Economic Outlook (WEO) -Tensions from the two-speed recovery: Unemployment, commodities, and capital flows. Retrieved from Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMF (International Monetary Fund). (2014). World economic and financial surveys: World economic outlook database. Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx

  • Ke, Z. (2006). Fulishu” shang de liu: Fuli qiye jing cheng bishui de zhongyao shouduan [A malicious tumor on the welfare tree: Welfare enterprises have become a common way to avoid tax]. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2006-09/07/content_5062509.htm

  • LaRocque, N., & Jacobsen, V. (2000). Minban: A market and regulatory survey of private education in China. Retrieved from Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, W.-W., & Pan, S.-Y. (2009). Game theory and educational policy: Private education legislation in China. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(3), 227–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. (2007). Against the law: Labor protests in China’s Rustbelt and Sunbelt. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. (1996). Moral consideration and strategic management moves: The Chinese case. Management Decision, 34(9), 65–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legal Daily. (2012). Xuexiao luanshoufei lvjinbuzhi cheng zisheng jiaoyu fubai wenchuang [No way to stop the illegal fees and surcharges—Schools are turning into hotbed for corruption]. Retrieved from http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/index_article/content/2012-06/22/content_3655965.htm?node=5955

  • Lei, J., & Walker, A. (2013). The big society in China: A failed experiment. Social Policy and Society, 12, 17–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, L. (2007). Corporate social accountability standards in the global supply chain: Resistance, reconsideration, and resolution in China. Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, 15(2), 321–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, L. (2010). Corporate social responsibility in China: Window dressing or structural change. Berkeley Journal of International Law, 28(1), 64–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., Wang, C., Shishime, T., & Fujitsuka, T. (2010). Environmental activisms of firm’s neighboring residents: An empirical study in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(10–11), 1001–1008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Y. (2009). Non-governmental organizations in China. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Q. (2006). Non-governmental organizations in contemporary China: Paving the way to civil society?. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, C. (2009). Tansuo canjiren anzhi jiuye xin geju – Wo guo shehui fuli qiye shengcun yu fazhan qushi [Exploring new ways of promoting employment among the disabled: Survival and development of welfare enterprises in China]. China Civil Affairs (5), 32–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, D., & Parish, W. L. (2006). Tocquevillian moments: Charitable contributions by Chinese private entrepreneurs. Social Forces, 85(2), 943–964. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MFPRC (Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China). (2007). Guojia shuiwuju guanyu cujin canjiren jiuye shuishou youhui zhengce de tongzhi [State Administration of Taxation’s notice on tax benefits for the promotion of employment among the disabled]. Retrieved from http://fss.mca.gov.cn/article/tzgg/201303/20130300431215.shtml

  • Mok, K. H., Wong, Y. C., & Zhang, X. (2009). When marketisation and privatisation clash with socialist ideals: Educational inequality in Urban China. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(5), 505–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montinola, G., Qian, Y., & Weingast, B. R. (1995). Federalism, Chinese style: The political basis for economic success in China. World Politics, 48(1), 50–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, J., & Shen, X. (2010). CSR in China research: Salience, focus and nature. Journal of Business Ethics, 94(4), 613–629. doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0341-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China). (2006). Zhongguo tongji nianjian [China statistics yearbook]. Beijing, China: China Statistics Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China). (2010). National statistics database. From Author http://219.235.129.58/welcome.do

  • Nee, V., Opper, S., & Wong, S. (2007). Developmental state and corporate governance in China. Management and Organization Review, 3(1), 19–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niu, W., & Harris, W. M. (1996). China: The forecast of its environmental situation in the 21st century. Journal of Environmental Management, 47(2), 101–114. doi:10.1006/jema.1996.0039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • P&G. (2013). P&G in China. Retrieved from http://www.pg.com.cn/Company/China.aspx

  • People’s Daily. (2012). Duozhong yangpinpai guonei dingjia yuanchao guowai - Xingbake chajia 75% [Several foreign brands are more expensive in China: Starbacks has 75% price difference]. Retrieved from http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2012-11-29/053025687098.shtml

  • Qian, Y. (1996). Enterprise reform in China: Agency problems and political control. Economics of Transition, 4(2), 427–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qian, Z., & Wong, T.-C. (2000). The rising urban poverty: A dilemma of market reforms in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 9(23), 113–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saich, T. (2006). China in 2005—Hu’s in charge. Asian Survey, 46(1), 37–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saich, T. (2007). China in 2006—Focus on social development. Asian Survey, 47(1), 32–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saich, T. (2008). Providing public goods in transitional China. New York: Palgrave, Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • SASAC (State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council). (2008). Guanyu zhongyang qiye lvxing shehui zeren de zhidao yijian [Guide opinion on the social responsibility implementation for the state-owned enterprises controlled by the central government]. Retrieved from http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n1180/n1566/n259760/n264851/3621925.html

  • Schwartz, M. S., & Carroll, A. B. (2003). Corporate social responsibility: A three-domain approach. Business Ethics Quarterly, 13(4), 503–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serrano, I. R. (1994). Civil society in the Asia-Pacific region. In M. D. de Oliveira & R. Tandon (Eds.), Citizens strengthening civil society (pp. 271–317). Washington, DC: World Alliance for Citizen Participation.

    Google Scholar 

  • SGCC (State Grid Corporation of China). (2012). Your power, our care: 2012 social responsibility report. Retrieved from Beijing, China.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shen, S., & Cheng, H. (2009). Economic globalization and the construction of China’s corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Law and Management, 51(3), 134–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, K. (2011). 2011 the remarkable year. International Journal of Civil Society Law, 10(2), 26–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. H. (2009). The art of doing good: Charity in late Ming China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • South China Weekend. (2012). The era of grand strategy: Blue book for the 4th annual China CSR conference. Retrieved from Guangzhou, China http://www.infzm.com/content/84620

  • Sun, H. (1998). Foreign investment and economic development in China, 1979–1996. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan, J. (2009). Institutional structure and firm social performance in transitional economies: Evidence of multinational corporations in China. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(2), 171–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programs). (2010). 2010 human development report: 40-year trends analysis shows poor countries making faster development gains. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/PR1-HDR10-overview-E-rev6.pdf

  • UNGC (United Nations Global Compact). (2013). Local networks overview: China. Retrieved from http://www.unglobalcompact.org/NetworksAroundTheWorld/local_network_sheet/CN.html

  • van Rooij, B. (2010). The people versus pollution: Understanding citizen action against pollution in China. Journal of Contemporary China, 19(63), 55–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, M. (2012). Wo guo shehui fuli qiye guanli cunzai de wenti he duice tanxi [Mangement in welfare enterprises: An analysis of problems and solutions]. Labor Security World, (8), 52–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., & Juslin, H. (2009). The impact of Chinese culture on corporate social responsibility: The harmony approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(3), 433–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, C., & Wang, J. (2012, March 28). Chanpin wenti zengduo “yinxing qingquan” shandai jieding: Yangpinpai weihe zai zhongguo shichang bianhuai [More quality problem and hidden violations: Why foreign brands misbehave in the Chinese market]. China Youth. Retrieved from http://zqb.cyol.com/html/2012-03/28/nw.D110000zgqnb_20120328_1-05.htm

  • Watson, A. (2008). Civil society in transitional state: The rise of associations in China. In J. Unger (Ed.), Associations and the Chinese state: Contested spaces. M.E. Sharpe: Armonk, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • WB (World Bank). (2012). World Development Indicators. From Author http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableselection/selectvariables.aspx?source=world-development-indicators

  • Wen, D. (2004). Lun minban jiaoyu gongyixing yu keyinglixing de feimaodunxing [Public-benefits and profitability: Do they conflict in Minban education?]. Peking University Education Review, 2(1), 43–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. (1998). Social security reforms in China: Towards an East Asian model? In R. Goodman, G. White, & H. Kwon (Eds.), The East Asian welfare model (pp. 175–197). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua News Agency. (2012). Foxconn labor scandal embarrassment to gov’t service. Retrieved from http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-10/18/content_26839218.htm

  • Xu, J., & Smith, D. H. (2012). Legitimacy pathways theory: How nonprofit organizations in post-Mao China seek acceptance by the government. Working paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaibuathet, K., Enkawa, T., & Suzuki, S. (2008). Influences of institutional environment toward the development of supply chain management. International Journal of Production Economics, 115(2), 262–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, T., & Ge, D. (Eds.). (2003). Gongsi yu shehui liyi II [Corporations and public interest II]. Beijing, China: Social Sciences Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, S. (1987). Zhongguo jinshi zongjiao lunli yu shangren jingshen [The religious ethics and businessman spirits in China between 16th and 18th centuries]. Taiwan: Linking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, T. F. (1997). Entrepreneurial state: The role of government in the economic development of the Asian newly industrialising economies. Development Policy Review, 15(1), 47–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X. (2011). Social enterprise in China: driving forces, development patterns and legal framework. Social Enterprise Journal, 7(1), 9–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yunus, M. (2008). Creating a world without poverty: Social business and the future of capitalism. New York: PublicAffairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, J. (2013). State-led privatization in China: The politics of economic reform. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, G. (2010). Hangye xiehui shanghui de shehui zeren [Social responsibility of trade unions and chambers of commerce]. China Businessman (11), 74–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H., & Wang, T. (Eds.). (1995). Huishang yanjiu [A study on the Anhui merchants]. Hefei, China: Anhui People’s Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, M. (2012a). CSR-based political legitimacy strategy: Managing the state by doing good in China and Russia. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(4), 439–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, M. (2012b). Minban xuexiao jiaoshi zhiliang: Kunjing yu yingdui [Teacher quality in non-public schools: Difficulties and responses]. Paper presented at the 4th IEEA Annual Conference, Shenyang, China. http://rieea.edu668.cn/a/lunwen/2012/1201/123.html

  • Zhong, C. (2011). ISO 9000 zai minban gaoxiao jiaoxue zhiliang guanli tixi zhong de yingyong [Implementation of ISO 9000 in the construction of management system for teaching quality in private colleges and universities]. Journal of the Huaihai Institute of Technology, 9(11), 87–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, H. (2015). Corporate philanthropy in contemporary China: A case of rural compulsory education promotion. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 1–21. doi:10.1007/s11266-015-9587-x

  • Zhou, L., & Hui, M. K. (2003). Symbolic value of foreign products in the People’s Republic of China. Journal of International Marketing, 11(2), 36–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Q., & Zeng, G. (2006). Zhongguo cishan jianshi [A concise history of charity in China]. Beijing, China: People’s Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Huiquan Zhou .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zhou, H., Qiu, T., Wang, L. (2017). BSR in Transitional China: Traditions, Practices, and Future. In: Hasan, S. (eds) Corporate Social Responsibility and the Three Sectors in Asia. Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6915-9_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6915-9_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6913-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6915-9

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics