Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology: Principles and Application in Sleep Medicine

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Sleep Disorders Medicine

Abstract

This chapter summarizes some epidemiological principles including analytical studies (interventional and observational) to guide the readers into an understanding of the epidemiological methods of sleep medicine (both clinical and population-based epidemiological studies). This brief section covering basic principles of epidemiology is followed by a description of epidemiological figures of some common sleep disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hale L, Hale B (2010) Health Educ Res 25(3):395–400

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Riemann D, Nissen C, Palagini L et al (2015) Lancet Neurol 14(5):547–558

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Feinstein A (1985) Clinical epidemiology: the architecture of clinical research. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 812 pp

    Google Scholar 

  4. Miettinen O (1985) 359 pp

    Google Scholar 

  5. Rothman K (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Rothman KJ (1986) Modern epidemiology. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, 358 s

    Google Scholar 

  7. Schlesselman JJ (1982) Case-control studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 354 pp s

    Google Scholar 

  8. Doll R, Hill AB (1950) Br Med J 2(4682):739–748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Waksberg J (1978) J Am Stat Assoc 73:30–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ford DE, Kamerow DB (1989) JAMA 262(11):1479–1484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ohayon MM (2005) Arch Intern Med 165(1):35–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ohayon MM, Caulet M (1996) Can J Psychiatry 41(7):457–464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J et al (1993) N Engl J Med 328:1230–1235

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Young T, Peppard PE, Gottlieb DJ (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165(9):1217–1239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Markkula N, Suvisaari J, Saarni SI et al (2015) J Affect Disord 173:73–80

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cohen J (1994) Am Psychol 49(12):997–1003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kraemer HC, Thiemann S (1987) How many subjects? Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 120 s

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dixon WJ, Massey FJJ (1983) Introduction to statistical analysis. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 687 s

    Google Scholar 

  19. Greenwald AG, Gonzalez R, Harris RJ et al (1996) Psychophysiology 33(2):175–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Partinen M, Gislason T (1995) J Sleep Res 4(S1):150–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kraemer HC, Stice E, Kazdin A et al (2001) Am J Psychiatry 158(6):848–856

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Baron RM, Kenny DA (1986) J Pers Soc Psychol 51(6):1173–1182

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Last J (1983) A dictionary of epidemiology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 114 pp s

    Google Scholar 

  24. Jenicek M, Cléroux R (1982) Épidémiologie: principes, techniques, applications. Edisem Inc, Québec, 454 s

    Google Scholar 

  25. Freeman J, Hutchinson G (1980) Am J Epidemiol 112:267–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Bayes RT (1763) Philos Trans R Soc 53:370–418

    Google Scholar 

  27. Schmidt CO, Kohlmann T (2008) Int J Public Health 53(3):165–167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cook RJ, Sackett DL (1995) Br Med J 310:452–454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Glass J, Lanctot KL, Herrmann N et al (2005) Br Med J 331(7526):1169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Rosnow RL, Rosenthal R (1996) Pyschological methods. 1:331–340

    Google Scholar 

  31. Cohen J (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  32. Claparède E (1905) Arch de Psychol 4:245–349

    Google Scholar 

  33. Dukes C (1905) J R Sanit Inst 26:41–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Camp C (1923) J Mich Med Soc 22:133–138

    Google Scholar 

  35. Laird D (1931) Am Med 37:271–275

    Google Scholar 

  36. Barry J, Bousfield W (1935) J Abnorm Soc Psychol 29:385–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ladame C (1923) Schweiz Arch Neurol Psychiatr 13:371–390

    Google Scholar 

  38. Webb W (1970) Individual differences in sleep length. In: Sleep and dreaming. Little & Brown, Boston, pp 44–47

    Google Scholar 

  39. McGhie A, Russell S (1962) J Ment Sci 108:642–654

    Google Scholar 

  40. Bixler EO, Kales A, Soldatos CR et al (1979) Am J Psychiatry 136(10):1257–1262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hermes E, Rosenheck R (2014) Sleep Med 15(5):508–514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. APA (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn, DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  43. American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014) International classification of sleep disorders, 3rd edn. Diagnostic and coding manual. (ICSD-3). American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hohagen F, Grabhoff U, Ellringmann D et al (1991) The prevalence of insomnia in different age groups and its treatment modalities in general practice. In: Sleep and ageing. Masson, pp 205–215

    Google Scholar 

  45. Rosekind MR (1992) J Clin Psychiatry 53(Suppl):4–6

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Henderson S, Jorm AF, Scott LR et al (1995) Med J Aust 162(1):22–24

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Yeo BK, Perera IS, Kok LP et al (1996) Singapore Med J 37(3):282–284

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Priest RG et al (1997) Br J Psychiatry 171:382–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Lemoine P (1998) Compr Psychiatry 39(4):185–197

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Kim K, Uchiyama M, Okawa M et al (2000) Sleep 23(1):41–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM et al (2002) J Psychosom Res 53(1):589–592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ohayon MM, Partinen M (2002) J Sleep Res 11(4):339–346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ohayon MM (2002) Sleep Med Rev 6(2):97–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Becker PM (2006) Psychiatry Clin North Am 29(4):855–870; Abstract vii p

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kronholm E, Partonen T, Laatikainen T et al (2008) J Sleep Res 17(1):54–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ohayon MM, Bader G (2010) Sleep Med 11(10):980–986

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ohayon MM, Sagales T (2010) Sleep Med 11(10):1010–1018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Beck F, Richard JB, Leger D (2013) Rev Neurol 169(12):956–964

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Haaramo P, Lallukka T, Lahelma E et al (2014) Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

    Google Scholar 

  60. Paparrigopoulos T, Tzavara C, Theleritis C et al (2010) BMC Public Health 10:531

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Roth T, Coulouvrat C, Hajak G et al (2011) Biol Psychiatry 69(6):592–600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Wong WS, Fielding R (2011) J Sleep Res 20(1):117–126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Talala K, Martelin TP, Haukkala AH et al (2012) BMC Public Health 12:650

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Zaslavsky O, LaCroix AZ, Hale L et al (2015) Sleep Med 16(3):364–371

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. McCall WV, Reboussin BA, Cohen W (2000) J Sleep Res 9(1):43–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Kripke DF, Simons RN, Garfinkel L et al (1979) Arch Gen Psychiatry 36(1):103–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Zhang B, Wing YK (2006) Sleep 29(1):85–93

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Lampio L, Saaresranta T, Polo O et al (2013) Menopause 20(6):655–660

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Morgan K, Clarke D (1997) Age Ageing 26(3):179–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Grandner MA, Martin JL, Patel NP et al (2012) Sleep 35(3):395–406

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Espiritu JRD (2008) Clin Geriatr Med 24:1 pp

    Google Scholar 

  72. Foley DJ, Monjan A, Simonsick EM et al (1999) Sleep 22(Suppl 2):S366–S372

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ozminkowski RJ, Wang S, Walsh JK (2007) Sleep 30(3):263–273

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Moloney ME, Konrad TR, Zimmer CR (2011) Am J Public Health 101(8):1429–1433

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Kripke D, Langer R, Kline L (2012) BMJ Open. 2:e000850. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000850

  76. Ford ES, Wheaton AG, Cunningham TJ et al (2014) Sleep 37(8):1283–1293

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Guilleminault C (1997) Sleep 20(9):715–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Ohayon MM, Caulet M, Arbus L et al (1999) J Psychosom Res 47(4):359–368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ohayon MM, Smirne S (2002) Sleep Med 3(2):115–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Rumble R, Morgan K (1992) J Am Geriatr Soc 40(8):787–791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Calem M, Bisla J, Begum A et al (2012) Sleep 35(3):377–384

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Ford ES, Cunningham TJ, Giles WH et al (2015) Sleep Med 16(3):372–378

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. Pallesen S, Sivertsen B, Nordhus IH et al (2014) Sleep Med 15(2):173–179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Kronholm E, Puusniekka R, Jokela J et al (2015) J Sleep Res 24(1):3–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Kronholm E, Markkula J, Virta L (2012) J Public Health Res 1(2):e23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Hermes ED, Sernyak M, Rosenheck R (2013) Sleep 36(4):597–600

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Wine JN, Sanda C, Caballero J (2009) Ann Pharmacother 43(4):707–713

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Thakkar MM (2011) Sleep Med Rev 15(1):65–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Vande Griend JP, Anderson SL (2012) J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 52(6):e210–e219

    Google Scholar 

  90. Marshall NS (2015) J Sleep Res 24:1–2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Pandey S, Phillips BA (2015) Sleep Med 16(5):555–556

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Halme AS, Beland S-G, Preville M et al (2013) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 28(3):248–255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Vignola A, Lamoureux C, Bastien CH et al (2000) J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 55(1):54–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Hammond EC (1964) Am J Public Health Nation’s Health 54:11–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Weich S, Pearce HL, Croft P et al (2014) BMJ 348:g1996

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Sivertsen B, Madsen IEH, Salo P et al (2015) Drugs—real world outcomes

    Google Scholar 

  97. Sivertsen B, Salo P, Pentti J et al (2015) Sleep Med

    Google Scholar 

  98. Hartz A, Ross JJ (2012) BMJ Open 2(5)

    Google Scholar 

  99. Mallon L, Broman JE, Hetta J (2009) Sleep Med 10(3):279–286

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Bianchi MT, Thomas RJ, Ellenbogen JM (2012) J Clin Sleep Med 8(4):351–352

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Pottegard A, Friis S, Andersen M et al (2013) Br J Clin Pharmacol 75(5):1356–1364

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Neutel CI, Johansen HL (2015) Eur J Clin Pharmacol 71(5):637–642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Kripke DF (2015) Sleep Med

    Google Scholar 

  104. Moore N, Pariente A, Begaud B (2014) JAMA Psychiatry

    Google Scholar 

  105. Kripke DF, Langer RD (2014) Br J Clin Pharmacol 78(1):186–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Pottegard A, Friis S, Andersen M et al (2014) Br J Clin Pharmacol 78(1):188–189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Horne JA, Östberg OA (1976) Int J Chronobiol 4:97–110

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Baehr EK, Revelle W, Eastman CI (2000) J Sleep Res 9(2):117–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Griefahn B (2002) Chronobiol Int 19(3):561–577

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Bailey SL, Heitkemper MM (2001) Chronobiol Int 18(2):249–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Koskenvuo M, Hublin C, Partinen M et al (2007) J Sleep Res 16:156–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Merikanto I, Kronholm E, Peltonen M et al (2012) Chronobiol Int 29(3):311–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Broms U, Pitkäniemi J, Backmand H et al (2014) Chronobiol Int 31(2):182–188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Paine SJ, Gander PH, Travier N (2006) J Biol Rhythms 21(1):68–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Merikanto I, Lahti T, Puolijoki H et al (2013) Chronobiol Int 30(4):470–477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Yu JH, Yun C-H, Ahn JH et al (2015) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100(4):1494–1502

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Merikanto I, Lahti T, Kronholm E et al (2013) Chronobiol Int 30(5):719–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Merikanto I, Kronholm E, Peltonen M et al (2015) J Affect Disord 188:143–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Vitale JA, Roveda E, Montaruli A et al (2015) Chronobiol Int 32(3):405–415

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Husby R, Lingjaerde O (1990) Acta Psychiatr Scand 81:542–547

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Johnsen MT, Wynn R, Bratlid T (2012) BMC Psychiatry 12:225

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Oyane NM, Ursin R, Pallesen S et al (2008) J Sleep Res 17(1):63–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Härmä M, Tenkanen L, Sjöblom T et al (1998) Scand J Work Environ Health 24(4):300–307

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Inoue Y, Hiroe Y, Nishida M et al (2000) Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 54(3):294–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Ohayon M (1996) Sleep 19(3 Suppl):S7–S15

    Google Scholar 

  126. Partinen M, Eskelinen L, Tuomi K (1984) Scand J Work Environ Health 10(6 Spec No):467–469

    Google Scholar 

  127. Lallukka T, Sares-Jäske L, Kronholm E et al (2012) BMC Public Health 12:565

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  128. Lallukka TEA, Rahkonen O, Lahelma E et al (2010) J Sleep Res 19(3):466–477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Hyyppä MT, Kronholm E, Alanen E (1997) Soc Sci Med 45(5):731–738

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Spiegelhalder K, Regen W, Nanovska S et al (2013) Curr Psychiatry Rep 15(6)

    Google Scholar 

  131. Ohayon MM (1997) J Psychiatr Res 31(3):333–346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Nowell PD, Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd et al (1997) Am J Psychiatry 154(10):1412–1416

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Baglioni C, Battagliese G, Feige B et al (2011) J Affect Disord 135(1–3):10–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Weissman MM, Greenwald S, Nino-Murcia G et al (1997) Gen Hosp Psychiatry 19(4):245–250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Costa e Silva JA, Chase M, Sartorius N et al (1996) Sleep 19(5):412–416

    Google Scholar 

  136. Krystal AD (2012) Neurol Clin 30(4):1389 pp

    Google Scholar 

  137. Koffel E, Polusny MA, Arbisi PA et al (2013) J Anxiety Disord 27(5):512–519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Salo P, Sivertsen B, Oksanen T et al (2012) Sleep Med 13(3):278–284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Wong MM, Robertson GC, Dyson RB (2015) Alcohol-Clin Exp Res 39(2):355–362

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Paunio T, Korhonen T, Hublin C et al (2015) J Affect Disord 172:381–389

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Jackson ML, Sztendur EM, Diamond NT et al (2014) Arch Womens Mental Health 17(3):189–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Krakow B, Ribeiro JD, Ulibarri VA et al (2011) J Affect Disord 131:422–427

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Neckelmann D, Mykletun A, Dahl AA (2007) Sleep 30(7):873–880

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  144. Chaudhary NS, Kampman KM, Kranzler HR et al (2015) Addict Behav 50:165–172

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  145. Doi Y, Minowa M, Okawa M et al (2000) J Epidemiol 10(2):79–86

    Google Scholar 

  146. Doghramji PP (2006) J Clin Psychiatry 67(Suppl 13):5–8

    Google Scholar 

  147. Janson C, De Backer W, Gislason T et al (1996) Eur Respir J 9(10):2132–2138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Kim K, Uchiyama M, Liu X et al (2001) Psychosom Med 63(3):441–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Tachibana H, Izumi T, Honda S et al (1998) Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 52(4):397–402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Berwick D, Murphy J, Goldman P et al (1991) Med Care 29:169–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Kuppermann M, Lubeck DP, Mazonson PD et al (1995) J Gen Intern Med 10:10–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Partinen M (1997) J Neurol 244(4 Suppl 1):S3–S6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Larsen JP, Tandberg E (2001) CNS Drugs 15(4):267–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Kumar S, Bhatia M, Behari M (2002) Mov Disord 17(4):775–781

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Brotini S, Gigli GL (2004) Sleep Med 5(2):169–179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Thorpy MJ, Adler CH (2005) Neurol Clin 23(4):1187–1208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Gjerstad MD, Wentzel-Larsen T, Aarsland D et al (2007) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78(5):476–479

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Nausieda PA, Weiner WJ, Kaplan LR et al (1982) Clin Neuropharmacol 5(2):183–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Ylikoski A, Martikainen K, Sieminski M et al (2015) Neurol Sci

    Google Scholar 

  160. Skeie GO, Muller B, Haugarvoll K et al (2013) Parkinsonism Relat Disord 19(1):53–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Kurtis MM, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Martinez-Martin P (2013) Parkinsonism Relat Disord

    Google Scholar 

  162. Thorpy M (1990) Handbook of sleep disorders. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 817 s

    Google Scholar 

  163. Bliwise DL (2004) Clin Cornerstone 6(Suppl 1A):S16–S28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Paavilainen P, Korhonen I, Lötjönen J et al (2005) J Sleep Res 14(1):61–68

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Ju YE, Lucey BP, Holtzman DM (2014) Nat Rev Neurol 10(2):115–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Ju YE, McLeland JS, Toedebusch CD et al (2013) JAMA Neurol 70(5):587–593

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  167. Fortier-Brochu E, Beaulieu-Bonneau S, Ivers H et al (2012) Sleep Med Rev 16(1):83–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Chen PL, Lee WJ, Sun WZ et al (2012) PLoS ONE 7(11):e49113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  169. Yu SY, Sun L, Liu Z et al (2013) PLoS ONE 8(12):e82924

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Leppävuori A, Pohjasvaara T, Vataja R et al (2002) Cerebrovasc Dis 14(2):90–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Elwood P, Hack M, Pickering J et al (2006) J Epidemiol Community Health 60(1):69–73

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  172. Hoban TF (2000) CNS Drugs 14(1):11–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Lindblom N, Heiskala H, Kaski M et al (2002) Chronobiol Int 19(2):441–459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Dodge R, Cline MG, Quan SF (1995) Arch Intern Med 155(16):1797–1800

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Gislason T, Almqvist M (1987) Acta Med Scand 221:475–481

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Ohayon MM (2008) J Psychiatr Res 43(1):48–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Cappuccio FP, Cooper D, D’Elia L et al (2011) Eur Heart J 32:1484–1492

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Leng Y, Cappuccio FP, Wainwright NWJ et al (2015) Neurology 84(11):1072–1079

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  179. Ge B, Guo X (2015) Int J Stroke 10(2):177–184

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Patel SR, Ayas NT, Malhotra MR et al (2004) Sleep 27(3):440–444

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Xiao Q, Keadle SK, Hollenbeck AR et al (2014) Am J Epidemiol 180(10):997–1006

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  182. Kronholm E, Laatikainen T, Peltonen M et al (2011) Sleep Med 12(3):215–221

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Kojima M, Wakai K, Kawamura T et al (2000) J Epidemiol 10(2):87–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Mallon L, Broman JE, Hetta J (2002) J Intern Med 251(3):207–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Petrov MER, Letter AJ, Howard VJ et al (2014) J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 23(2):e123–e132

    Google Scholar 

  186. Garde AH, Hansen AM, Holtermann A et al (2013) Scand J Work Environ Health 39(6):550–558

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Helbig AK, Stoeckl D, Heier M et al (2015) PLoS ONE 10(7):e0134480

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Magee CA, Kritharides L, Attia J et al (2012) J Sleep Res 21(4):441–447

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Hublin C, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M et al (2007) Sleep 30(10):1245–1253

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  190. Kurina LM, McClintock MK, Chen J-H et al (2013) Ann Epidemiol 23:361–370

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  191. Canivet C, Nilsson PM, Lindeberg SI et al (2014) J Psychosom Res 76(4):292–299

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Hublin C, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M et al (2011) Sleep 34(7):957–964

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  193. Parthasarathy S, Vasquez MM, Halonen M et al (2015) Am J Med 128(3):268–75 e2

    Google Scholar 

  194. Sivertsen B, Lallukka T, Salo P et al (2014) J Sleep Res 23(2):124–132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Holliday EG, Magee CA, Kritharides L et al (2013) PLoS ONE 8(11)

    Google Scholar 

  196. Kronholm E, Harma M, Hublin C et al (2006) J Sleep Res 15(3):276–290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Grandner MA, Jackson NJ, Pak VM et al (2012) J Sleep Res 21(4):427–433

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  198. Grandner MA, Chakravorty S, Perlis ML et al (2014) Sleep Med 15:42–50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Partinen M, Putkonen PT, Kaprio J et al (1982) Acta Med Scand 660:69–83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Hartmann E, Baekeland F, Zwilling G (1972) Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:463–468

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M et al (1996) J Intern Med 239:417–423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Liu X, Uchiyama M, Kim K et al (2000) Psychiatry Res 93(1):1–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Webb WB, Friel J (1971) Science 171(3971):587–588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Hublin C, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M et al (2013) J Sleep Res (22):513–518

    Google Scholar 

  205. Ollila HM, Kettunen J, Pietilainen O et al (2014) J Sleep Res 23(6):609–618

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. Watson NF, Harden KP, Buchwald D et al (2014) Sleep 37(2):351–358

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  207. Barone TL (2000) Hum Nat Interdisc Biosoc Perspect 11(3):233–258

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Ekirch AR (2001) Am Hist Rev 106(2):343–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  209. Ekirch AR (2005) At day’s close: night in times past. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, 423 pp s

    Google Scholar 

  210. Ravan AR, Bengtsson C, Lissner L et al (2010) J Sleep Res 19(3):496–503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. Bin YS, Marshall NS, Glozier N (2013) Am J Epidemiol 177(8):826–833

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  212. Youngstedt SD, Goff EE, Reynolds AM et al (2015) Sleep Med Rev 28:65–81

    Google Scholar 

  213. Bonnet MH, Arand DL (1995) Sleep 18(10):908–911

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Broman JE, Lundh LG, Hetta J (1996) Neurophysiol Clin 26(1):30–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M et al (2001) Sleep 24(4):392–400

    Google Scholar 

  216. Stedman TL (2000) Stedman’s medical dictionary. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2098 s

    Google Scholar 

  217. Al Rajeh S, Bademosi O, Ismail H et al (1993) Neuroepidemiology 12(3):164–178

    Google Scholar 

  218. Franceschi M, Zamproni P, Crippa D et al (1982) Sleep 5(3):239–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Honda Y (1979) Sleep. Research 8:191

    Google Scholar 

  220. Honda Y, Asaka A, Tanimura M et al (1983) Sleep/wake disorders: natural history, epidemiology, and long-term evolution 187–199

    Google Scholar 

  221. Hublin C (1994) Narcolepsy. Epidemiology, clinical picture and treatment. Miina Sillanpää Foundation, Helsinki, 153 s

    Google Scholar 

  222. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M et al (1994) J Sleep Res 3:52–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  223. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M et al (1994) Ann Neurol 35(6):709–716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Martikainen K, Urponen H, Patrinen M, Hasan J, Vuori I (1992) Acta Neurol Scand (86):337–341

    Google Scholar 

  225. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Caulet M et al (1996) Br J Psychiatry 169(4):459–467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  226. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J et al (2002) Neurology 58(12):1826–1833

    Google Scholar 

  227. Partinen M (1982) Ann Med Mil Fenn 57(Suppl 1):1–96

    Google Scholar 

  228. Silber MH, Krahn LE, Olson EJ et al (2002) Sleep 25(2):197–202

    Google Scholar 

  229. Solomon P (1945) Dis Nerv Syst 6:179–183

    Google Scholar 

  230. Tashiro T, Kanbayashi T, Iijima S et al (1992) J Sleep Res 1(Suppl 1):228

    Google Scholar 

  231. Wilner A, Steinman L, Lavie P, Peled R, Friedmann R, Brautbar C (1988) Hum Immunol (21):15–22

    Google Scholar 

  232. Wing YK, Chiu HF, Ho CK et al (1994) Aust N Z J Med 24(3):304–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  233. Wing YK, Li RH, Lam CW et al (2002) Ann Neurol 51(5):578–584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  234. Longstreth WT Jr, Ton TG, Koepsell T et al (2009) Sleep Med 10(4):422–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  235. Ondzé B, Lubin S, Lavandier B et al (1998) J Sleep Res 7(Suppl 2):193

    Google Scholar 

  236. Roth B, Buuhova S, Berkova L (1968) Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 102:321–330

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  237. Dement W, Zarcone V, Varner V et al (1972) Sleep Res 1:148

    Google Scholar 

  238. Dement WC, Carskadon M, Ley R (1973) Sleep Res 2:147

    Google Scholar 

  239. Lavie P, Peled R (1987) Sleep 10:608–609

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  240. Shin YK, Yoon IY, Han EK et al (2008) Acta Neurol Scand 117(4):273–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  241. Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S et al (2001) Ann Neurol 50(3):381–388

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  242. Scammell TE, Nishino S, Mignot E et al (2001) Neurology 56(12):1751–1753

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Bassetti C, Gugger M, Bischof M et al (2003) Sleep Med 4(1):7–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  244. Dauvilliers Y, Baumann CR, Carlander B et al (2003) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 74(12):1667–1673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  245. Oka Y, Inoue Y, Kanbayashi T et al (2006) Sleep 29(11):1439–1443

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Taheri S, Zeitzer JM, Mignot E (2002) Annu Rev Neurosci 25:283–313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  247. Partinen M, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Ilveskoski I et al (2012) PLoS ONE 7(3):e33723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  248. Partinen M, Kornum BR, Plazzi G et al (2014) Lancet Neurol 13(6):600–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  249. Vaarala O, Vuorela A, Partinen M et al (2014) PLoS ONE 9(12):e114361

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Wijnans L, Lecomte C, de Vries C et al (2013) Vaccine 31(8):1246–1254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  251. Oberle D, Drechsel-Bauerle U, Schmidtmann I et al (2015) Sleep

    Google Scholar 

  252. Nohynek H, Jokinen J, Partinen M et al (2012) PLoS ONE 7(3):e33536. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  253. Heier MS, Gautvik KM, Wannag E et al (2013) Sleep Med 14:867–871

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  254. Poli F, Overeem S, Lammers GJ et al (2013) Vaccine 31(6):994–1007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  255. Szakacs A, Darin N, Hallböök T (2013) Neurology 80(14):1315–1321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  256. Feltelius N, Persson I, Ahlqvist-Rastad J et al (2015) J Intern Med. doi:10.1111/joim.12391. [Epub ahead of print]

  257. O’Flanagan D, Barret AS, Foley M et al (2014) Euro Surveill 19(17):15–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  258. NarcoFlu-VF (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  259. Miller E, Andrews N, Stellitano L et al (2013) BMJ 346:f794

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  260. Ahmed SS, Volkmuth W, Duca J et al (2015) Sci Trans Med 7(294):294ra105

    Google Scholar 

  261. Wing Y, Chen L, Fong SY et al (2008) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79(11):1262–1267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  262. Dauvilliers Y, Carlander B, Molinari N et al (2003) Sleep 26(6):663–665

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F, Coggagna G et al (1980) Sleep 3:221–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  264. Koskenvuo M, Partinen M, Kaprio J (1985) Ann Clin Res 17:247–251

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  265. Niiranen TJ, Kronholm E, Rissanen H et al (2015) Sleep Breath. Online First doi:10.1007/s11325-015-1253-4

  266. Schmidt-Nowara WW, Coultas DB, Wiggins C et al (1990) Arch Intern Med 150:597–601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  267. Cirignotta F, D’Alessandro R, Partinen M et al (1989) Acta Neurol Scand 79:366–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  268. Ferini-Strambi L, Zucconi M, Castronovo V et al (1999) Sleep 22(7):859–864

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  269. Gislason T, Almqvist M, Eriksson G et al (1988) J Clin Epidemiol 41:571–576

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Gislason T, Benediktsdottir B (1995) Chest 107:963–966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  271. Martikainen K, Partinen M, Hasan J et al (1998) Eur J Neurol 5(4):355–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  272. Ohta Y, Okada T, Kawakami Y et al (1993) Sleep 16(8 Suppl):S6–S7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  273. Olson L, King M, Hensley M et al (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152(2):711–716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  274. Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E et al (2005) Lancet 365(9464):1046–1053

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  275. Marshall NS, Wong KK, Cullen SR et al (2012) Sleep 35(9):1235–1240

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  276. Davies DP, Rodgers H, Walshaw D et al (2003) J Sleep Res 12(4):313–318

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Partinen M, Kaprio J, Hublin C et al (1998) J Sleep Res 7(Suppl 2):200

    Google Scholar 

  278. Kasai T, Floras JS, Bradley TD (2012) Circulation 126(12):1495–1510

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  279. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM et al (2000) Arch Intern Med 160(15):2289–2295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  280. Franklin KA, Holmgren PA, Jonsson F et al (2000) Chest 117(1):137–141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  281. Fuyuno G, Kobayashi R, Atsumi Y et al (1999) Nihon Kokyuki Gakkaishi Zasshi 37(9):694–698

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Grunstein RR (1996) Sleep 19(10 Suppl):S218–S220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  283. Hu F, Willett W, Manson J et al (2000) J Am Coll Cardiol 35:308–313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  284. Hu FB, Willett WC, Colditz GA et al (1999) Am J Epidemiol 150(8):806–816

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  285. Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Partinen M et al (1985) Lancet 1(8434):893–896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  286. Lavie P, Herer P, Hoffstein V (2000) BMJ 320(7233):479–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  287. Martikainen K, Partinen M, Urponen H et al (1994) Acta Neurol Scand 90:437–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  288. Partinen M, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M et al (1983) Sleep Res 12:273

    Google Scholar 

  289. Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M et al (2000) New Engl J Med 342(19):1378–1384

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  290. Rauscher H, Popp W, Zwick H (1992) Chest 102:367–371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  291. Tiihonen M, Partinen M, Närvänen S (1993) J Sleep Res 2(1):56–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  292. Young T, Finn L, Hla KM et al (1996) Sleep 19(10 Suppl):S202–S205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  293. Young T, Peppard P, Palta M et al (1997) Arch Intern Med 157(15):1746–1752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  294. Grunstein R, Stenlof K, Hedner J et al (1995) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 19(6):410–418 (CP ENGLAND)

    Google Scholar 

  295. Leineweber C, Kecklund G, Akerstedt T et al (2003) Sleep Med 4(6):531–536

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  296. Heinzer R, Vat S, Marques-Vidal P et al (2015) Lancet Respir Med 3(4):310–318

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  297. Kripke DF, Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR et al (1997) Sleep 20(1):65–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  298. Marin JM, Gascon JM, Carrizo S et al (1997) Int J Epidemiol 26(2):381–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  299. Zamarron C, Gude F, Otero Y et al (1999) Respiration 66(4):317–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  300. Bearpark H, Elliott L, Grunstein R et al (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151(5):1459–1465

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Haraldsson PO, Carenfelt C, Tingvall C (1992) J Clin Epidemiol 45(8):821–825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  302. Lavie P (1983) Sleep/wake disorders: natural history, epidemiology, and long-term evolution 127–135

    Google Scholar 

  303. Stradling JR, Crosby JH (1991) Thorax 46(2):85–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  304. Telakivi T, Partinen M, Koskenvuo M et al (1987) Acta Neurol Scand 76:69–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Partinen M, Telakivi T (1992) Sleep 15(Suppl 6):S1–S4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  306. Gislason T, Benediktsdottir B, Bjornsson J et al (1993) Chest 103:1147–1151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Neven AK, Middelkoop HA, Kemp B et al (1998) Thorax 53(8):638–642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  308. Ng TP, Seow A, Tan WC (1998) Eur Respir J 12(1):198–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  309. Hui DS, Chan JK, Ho AS et al (1999) Chest 116(6):1530–1536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  310. Friedman M, Landsberg R, Pryor S et al (2001) Laryngoscope. 111(11 Pt 1):1917–1919

    Google Scholar 

  311. de Miguel-Diez J, Villa-Asensi JR, Alvarez-Sala JL (2003) Sleep 26(8):1006–1009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  312. Özdemir L, Akkurt I, Sumer H et al (2005) Tuberk Toraks 53(1):20–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  313. Johnson EO, Roth T (2006) Sleep 29(9):1135–1142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  314. Chay OM, Goh A, Abisheganaden J et al (2000) Pediatr Pulmonol 29(4):284–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  315. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Ten Have T et al (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157(1):144–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  316. Ancoli-Israel S, Klauber MR, Stepnowsky C et al (2000) Am J Resp Crit Care Med 152:1946–1949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  317. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM et al (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163(3 Pt 1):608–613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  318. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Priest RG et al (1997) Br Med J 314(7084):860–863

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Trois MS, Capone GT, Lutz JA et al (2009) J Clin Sleep Med 5(4):317–323

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  320. Dias RA, Hardin KA, Rose H et al (2012) Sleep Breath 16(4):1255–1265

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  321. Lin SC, Davey MJ, Horne RS et al (2014) J Pediatr 165(1):117–122

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  322. Lugaresi E, Mondini S, Zucconi M et al (1983) Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 19:590–594

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  323. Bixler EO, Kales A, Cadieux RJ et al (1985) J Appl Physiol 58(5):1597–1601

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  324. Ancoli-Israel S, Coy T (1994) Sleep 17:77–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  325. Ancoli-Israel S, Kripke DF, Klauber MR et al (1991) Sleep 14(6):486–495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  326. Ancoli-Israel S, Kripke DF, Klauber MR et al (1996) Sleep 19(4):277–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  327. Mant A, King M, Saunders NA et al (1995) Sleep 18(6):433–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  328. Phillips B, Berry D, Schmitt F et al (1994) Sleep 17(5):411–415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  329. Phillips B, Young T, Finn L et al (2000) Arch Intern Med 160(14):2137–2141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  330. Mant A, Saunders NA, Eyland AE et al (1988) J Gerontol 43(5):M140–M144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  331. Khosla T, Lowe F (1967) Brit J Prev Soc Med 21:122–128

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. World Health Organization (2016) Global database on body mass index. http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp. Accessed 22 Jan 2016

  333. Davies JR, Stradling JR (1990) Eur Respir J 3:509–514

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  334. Katz I, Stradling J, Slutsky S et al (1990) Am Rev Respir Dis 141:1228–1231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  335. Kushida CA, Efron B, Guilleminault C (1997) Ann Intern Med 127(8 Pt 1):581–587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  336. Hartz A, Rupley D, Kissebah A et al (1983) Prev Med 12:351–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  337. Lapidus L, Bengtsson C (1988) Acta Med Scand 723(Suppl):53–59

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. McKeigue PM, Shah B, Marmot MG (1991) Lancet 337(8738):382–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  339. Lakka HM, Lakka TA, Tuomilehto J et al (2002) Eur Heart J 23(9):706–713

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  340. Schafer H, Pauleit D, Sudhop T et al (2002) Chest 122(3):829–839

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  341. Grunstein RR, Stenlof K, Hedner JA et al (2007) Sleep 30(6):703–710

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  342. Tuomilehto H, Peltonen M, Partinen M et al (2008) Diabetes Obes Metab 10(6):468–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  343. Gruber A, Horwood F, Sithole J et al (2006) Cardiovasc Diabetol 5:22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  344. Bergler W, Maleck W, Baker-Schreyer A et al (1997) Anaesthesist 46(5):437–440

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  345. Friedman M, Tanyeri H, La Rosa M et al (1999) Laryngoscope 109(12):1901–1907

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  346. Harding SM (2001) Curr Opin Pulm Med 7(6):381–385

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  347. Samsoon GL, Young JR (1987) Anaesthesia 42(5):487–490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  348. Tsai WH, Remmers JE, Brant R et al (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167(10):1427–1432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  349. Corbo G, Fuciarelli F, Foresi A et al (1989) Br Med J 299:1491–1494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. McColley SA, Carroll JL, Curtis S et al (1997) Chest 111(1):170–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  351. Nieminen P, Lopponen H, Vayrynen M et al (2000) Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 52(1):53–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  352. Nieminen P, Tolonen U, Lopponen H et al (1997) Acta Otolaryngol. Suppl 529:190–194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. Young T, Finn L, Palta M (2001) Arch Intern Med 161(12):1514–1519

    Google Scholar 

  354. Shapiro J, Strome M, Crocker AC (1985) Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 94(5 Pt 1):458–461

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  355. Freed G, Pearlman M, Brown A et al (1988) Cleft Palate J 25(2):151–155

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  356. Zucconi M, Ferini-Strambi L, Erminio C et al (1993) Respiration 60(2):127–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  357. Kiuru S, Nieminen T, Partinen M (1999) J Sleep Res 8(2):143–149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  358. Bull MJ, Givan DC, Sadove AM et al (1990) Pediatrics 86(2):294–301

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  359. Cohen MM Jr (1991) Am J Med Genet 41(4):488–499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  360. Hoch B, Hochban W (1998) Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 43(3):277–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  361. Pekkarinen T, Partinen M, Pelkonen R et al (1987) Clin Endocrinol 27(6):649–654

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  362. Rosenow F, Reuter S, Deuss U et al (1996) Clin Endocrinol 45(5):563–569

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  363. Bloom J, Kaltenborn W, Quan S (1988) Chest 93:678–683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  364. Issa F, Sullivan C (1982) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 45:353–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  365. Mitler M, Dawson A, Henriksen S et al (1988) Alcoholism 12:801–805

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  366. Robinson R, White D, Zwillich C (1985) Am Rev Respir Dis 132:1238–1241

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  367. Scrima L, Hartman P, Hiller F (1989) Alcoholism 13:420–427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  368. Taasan V, Block A, Boysen P et al (1981) Am J Med 71:240–245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  369. Koskenvuo M, Partinen M, Kaprio J et al (1994) Ann Med 26(5):371–376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  370. Puvanendran K, Goh KL (1999) Sleep Res Online 2(1):11–14

    Google Scholar 

  371. Al-Shammari S, Khoja T, Al-Maatouq M et al (1994) J Trop Med Hyg 97(3):183–188

    Google Scholar 

  372. Ip MSM, Tsang WT, Lam WK et al (1998) Chin Med J 111(3):257–260

    Google Scholar 

  373. Tan YK, Khoo KL, Low JA et al (1999) Ann Acad Med Singapore 28(2):214–216

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  374. Will MJ, Ester MS, Ramirez SG et al (1995) Sleep 18(10):873–875

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  375. Mirrakhimov AE, Sooronbaev T, Mirrakhimov EM (2013) BMC Pulm Med 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-13-10

  376. Ali N, Pitson D, Stradling J (1993) Arch Dis Child 68(3):360–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  377. Sanchez-Armengol A, Fuentes-Pradera MA, Capote-Gil F et al (2001) Chest 119(5):1393–1400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  378. Potsic W, Pasquariello P, Baranak C et al (1986) Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 94:476–480

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  379. Yrjönen C, Vartia T, Partinen M (1991) Sleep Res 20A:221

    Google Scholar 

  380. Kayukawa Y, Kogawa S, Tadano F et al (1998) Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 52(2):190–192

    Google Scholar 

  381. Enright PL, Newman AB, Wahl PW et al (1996) Sleep 19(7):531–538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  382. Gislason T, Aberg H, Taube A (1987) Acta Med Scand 222:415–421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  383. Lindberg E, Berne C, Franklin KA et al (2006) Respir Med

    Google Scholar 

  384. Nieto FJ, Young TB, Lind BK et al (2000) JAMA 283(14):1829–1836

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  385. Pedrosa RP, Drager LF, Gonzaga CC et al (2011) Hypertension 58(5):811–817

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  386. Bartel PR, Loock M, van der Meyden C et al (1995) Am J Hypertens 8(12 Pt 1):1200–1205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  387. Fletcher E, DeBehnke R, Lavoi M et al (1985) Ann Intern Med 103:190–194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  388. Fletcher EC (1996) Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 51(1):77–80

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  389. Kales A, Bixler EO, Cadieux RJ et al (1984) Lancet ii:1005–1008

    Google Scholar 

  390. Lavie P, Ben-Yosef R, Rubin A (1984) Am Heart J 108:373–376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  391. Williams A, Houston D, Finberg S et al (1985) Am J Cardiol 55:1019–1022

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  392. Williams CJ, Hu FB, Patel SR et al (2007) Diabetes Care 30(5):1233–1240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  393. Worsnop CJ, Naughton MT, Barter CE et al (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157(1):111–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  394. Logan AG, Perlikowski SM, Mente A et al (2001) J Hypertens 19(12):2271–2277

    Google Scholar 

  395. Gillis AM (1985) Compr Ther 11(11):66–71

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  396. Peiser J, Ovnat A, Uwyyed K et al (1985) Clin Cardiol 8(10):519–521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  397. Otsuka K, Sadakane N, Ozawa T (1987) Clin Cardiol 10:771–782

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  398. Shepard JJ (1992) Clin Chest Med 13(3):437–458

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  399. Adlakha A, Shepard JW Jr (1998) Sleep Med Rev 2(1):45–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  400. Kohler U, Bredenbroker D, Fus E et al (1998) Fortschr Med 116(16):28–31

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  401. Sanner BM, Zidek W, Laschewski F et al (1999) Clin Cardiol 22(3):219–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  402. Porthan KM, Melin JH, Kupila JT et al (2004) Chest 125(3):879–885

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  403. Crancer AJ, McMurray L (1968) JAMA 205(5):272–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  404. Partinen M, Alihanka J, Lang H et al (1983) Sleep Res 12:272

    Google Scholar 

  405. Zamarron C, Gude F, Otero YO et al (1999) Respir Med 93(2):108–112

    Google Scholar 

  406. Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Telakivi T et al (1987) Br Med J 294(6563):16–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  407. Hung J, Whitford E, Parsons R et al (1990) Lancet 336:261–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  408. Malone S, Liu PP, Holloway R et al (1991) Lancet 338(8781):1480–1484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  409. Javaheri S, Parker T, Wexler L et al (1995) Ann Intern Med 122:487–492

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  410. Chan J, Sanderson J, Chan W et al (1997) Chest 111(6):1488–1493

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  411. Javaheri S (2003) Clin Chest Med 24(2):207–222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  412. Parish JM, Somers VK (2004) Mayo Clin Proc 79(8):1036–1046

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  413. Javaheri S (2006) Int J Cardiol 106(1):21–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  414. Jennum P, Hein JO, Suadicani P et al (1995) Chest 108:138–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  415. Jennum P, Schultz-Larsen K, Christensen NJ (1996) Eur J Epidemiol 12(3):285–290

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  416. Jennum P, Schultz-Larsen K, Davidsen M et al (1994) Int J Epidemiol 23(6):1159–1164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  417. Neau J, Meurice J, Paquereau J et al (1995) Acta Neurol Scand 92(1):63–68

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  418. Neau J-P, Ingrand P, Paquereau J et al (1994) J Sleep Res 3(Suppl 1):177

    Google Scholar 

  419. Partinen M, Palomäki H (1985) Lancet ii(8468):1325–1326

    Google Scholar 

  420. Smirne S, Palazzi S, Zucconi M et al (1993) Eur Respir J 6:1357–1361

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  421. Smirne S, Zucconi M, Ferini-Strambi L et al (1991) Snoring as a risk factor for acute vascular disorders of heart and brain. In: Sleep and ageing. Masson, pp 107–112

    Google Scholar 

  422. Spriggs D, French J, Murdy J et al (1990) Age Ageing 19:280–287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  423. Spriggs DA, French JM, Murdy JM et al (1992) Q J Med 83:555–562

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  424. Palomäki H (1991) Stroke 22(8):1021–1025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  425. Yeboah J, Redline S, Johnson C et al (2011) Atherosclerosis 219(2):963–968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  426. Poza JJ, Martinez A, Emparanza JI et al (2000) Neurologia 15(1):3–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  427. Kendzerska T, Gershon AS, Hawker G et al (2014) PLoS Med 11(2):e1001599

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  428. Gupta A, Shetty H (2005) Int J Clin Pract 59(11):1272–1275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  429. Manfredini R, Boari B, Smolensky MH et al (2005) Chronobiol Int 22(3):417–453

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  430. Tsementzis S, Gilla J, Hitchcock E et al (1985) Neurosurgery 17:901–904

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  431. Marsh EE, Biller J, Adams HP et al (1990) Arch Neurol 47:1178–1180

    Google Scholar 

  432. Elliott WJ (1998) Stroke 29(5):992–996

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  433. Chaturvedi S, Adams HP Jr, Woolson RF (1999) Stroke 30(9):1792–1795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  434. Palomäki H, Partinen M, Juvela S et al (1989) Stroke 20(10):1311–1315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  435. Jimenez-Conde J, Ois A, Rodriguez-Campello A et al (2007) J Neurol 254(6):782–788

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  436. Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, Taska LS et al (1985) J Clin Psychiatry 46(7):257–261

    Google Scholar 

  437. Vitiello M, Prinz P (1990) Sleep/wake patterns and sleep disorders in Alzheimer’s disease. In: Handbook of sleep disorders. Marcel Dekker, 1990, pp 703–718

    Google Scholar 

  438. Erkinjuntti T, Partinen M, Sulkava R et al (1987) Sleep 10(5):419–425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  439. Seppälä T, Partinen M, Penttilä A et al (1991) J Intern Med 229(1):23–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  440. Gami AS, Howard DE, Olson EJ et al (2005) N Engl J Med 352(12):1206–1214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  441. He J, Kryger M, Zorick F et al (1988) Chest 94:9–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  442. Partinen M, Guilleminault C (1990) Chest 97:27–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  443. Partinen M, Jamieson A, Guilleminault C (1986) Sleep Res 15:153

    Google Scholar 

  444. Partinen M, Jamieson A, Guilleminault C (1988) Chest 94(6):1200–1204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  445. Lavie P, Herer P, Peled R et al (1995) Sleep 18:149–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  446. Lindberg E, Janson C, Svardsudd K et al (1998) Thorax 53(8):631–637

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  447. Noda A, Okada T, Yasuma F et al (1998) Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 52(1):79–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  448. Peker Y, Hedner J, Kraiczi H et al (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162(1):81–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  449. Doherty LS, Kiely JL, Swan V et al (2005) Chest 127(6):2076–2084

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  450. Marshall NS, Wong KK, Liu PY et al (2008) Sleep 31(8):1079–1085

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  451. Young T, Finn L, Peppard PE et al (2008) Sleep 31(8):1071–1078

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  452. Tousignant P, Cosio MG, Levy RD et al (1994) Sleep 17:52–60

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  453. Hetzel C, Weess HG, Schroder A et al (1995) Wien Med Wochenschr 145(17–18):510–511

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  454. Engleman HM, Martin SE, Deary IJ et al (1997) Thorax 52(2):114–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  455. Flemons WW, Tsai W (1997) J Allergy Clin Immunol 99(2):S750–S756

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  456. Engleman HM, Kingshott RN, Wraith PK et al (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159(2):461–467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  457. Chakravorty I, Cayton RM, Szczepura A (2002) Eur Respir J 20(5):1233–1238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  458. Barbe F, Mayoralas LR, Duran J et al (2001) Ann Intern Med 134(11):1015–1023

    Google Scholar 

  459. Dimsdale JE, Loredo JS, Profant J (2000) Hypertension 35(1 Pt 1):144–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  460. Hack M, Davies RJ, Mullins R et al (2000) Thorax 55(3):224–231

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  461. Lojander J, Maasilta P, Partinen M et al (1996) Chest 110(1):114–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  462. Montserrat JM, Ferrer M, Hernandez L et al (2001) Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164(4):608–613

    Google Scholar 

  463. Fischer J, Raschke F (1997) Respiration 64(Suppl 1):39–44

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  464. Ronald J, Delaive K, Roos L et al (1998) Sleep Res Online 1(1):71–74

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  465. Wittmann V, Rodenstein DO (2004) Sleep Med Rev 8(4):269–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  466. Banno K, Manfreda J, Walld R et al (2006) Sleep 29(10):1307–1311

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  467. Tan M, Marra C (2006) Sleep 29(3):282–283

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  468. Grandner MA, Patel NP, Gehrman PR et al (2010) Sleep Med Rev 14(4):239–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  469. Carlton R, Lunacsek O, Regan T et al (2014) Am Health Drug Benefits 7(6):334–340

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  470. Trakada G, Economou NT, Nena E et al (2015) Sleep Breath 19(2):467–472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  471. Sandman N, Valli K, Kronholm E et al (2013) Sleep 36(7):1041–1050

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  472. Sandman N, Valli K, Kronholm E et al (2015) Sleep 38(4):507–514

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  473. Partinen M, Hublin C (2000) Epidemiology of sleep disorders. In: Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Saunders, New York, pp 558–579

    Google Scholar 

  474. Hublin C, Kaprio J (2003) Sleep Med Rev 7(5):413–421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  475. Pressman MR (2007) Sleep Med Rev 11(1):5–30; discussion 1–3

    Google Scholar 

  476. Tinuper P, Provini F, Bisulli F et al (2007) Sleep Med Rev 11(4):255–267

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  477. Mahowald MW, Ettinger MG (1990) J Clin Neurophysiol 7(1):119–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  478. Kotagal P, Costa M, Wyllie E et al (2002) Pediatrics 110(4):e46

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  479. Petit D, Touchette E, Tremblay RE et al (2007) Pediatrics 119(5):e1016–e1025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  480. Bjorvatn B, Gronli J, Pallesen S (2010) Sleep Med 11(10):1031–1034

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  481. Ylikoski A, Martikainen K, Partinen M (2014) J Neurol Sci 346:204–208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  482. Ohayon MM, Schenck CH (2010) Sleep Med 11(9):941–946

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  483. Schenck CH, Bundlie SR, Mahowald MW (1996) Neurology 46(2):388–393

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  484. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH (2013) Lancet Neurol 12(5):417–419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  485. Postuma RB, Gagnon JF, Pelletier A et al (2013) Mov Disord 28(5):597–604

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  486. Allen R (2004) Sleep Med 5(4):385–391

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  487. Trenkwalder C, Paulus W, Walters AS (2005) Lancet Neurol 4(8):465–475

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  488. Paulus W, Schomburg ED (2006) Sleep Med Rev 10(3):185–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  489. Clemens S, Rye D, Hochman S (2006) Neurology 67(1):125–130

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  490. Allen RP, Walters AS, Montplaisir J et al (2005) Arch Intern Med 165(11):1286–1292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  491. Tison F, Crochard A, Leger D et al (2005) Neurology 65(2):239–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  492. Björvatn B, Leissner L, Ulfberg J et al (2005) Sleep Med 6(4):307–312

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  493. Ulfberg J, Nyström B (2004) Sleep Med 5(2):115–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  494. Ulfberg J, Nystrom B, Carter N et al (2001) Mov Disord 16(6):1159–1163

    Google Scholar 

  495. Ulfberg J, Nystrom B, Carter N et al (2001) Eur Neurol 46(1):17–9

    Google Scholar 

  496. Lee KA, Zaffke ME, Baratte-Beebe K (2001) J Women’s Health & Gender-Based Med 10(4):335–341

    Google Scholar 

  497. Suzuki K, Ohida T, Sone T et al (2003) Sleep 26(6):673–677

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  498. Manconi M, Govoni V, De Vito A et al (2004) Neurology 63(6):1065–1069

    Google Scholar 

  499. Berger K, Luedemann J, Trenkwalder C et al (2004) Arch Intern Med 164(2):196–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  500. Kavanagh D, Siddiqui S, Geddes CC (2004) Am J Kidney Dis 43(5):763–771

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  501. Unruh ML, Levey AS, D’Ambrosio C et al (2004) Am J Kidney Dis 43(5):900–909

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  502. Mucsi I, Molnar MZ, Ambrus C et al (2005) Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation—official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association—European Renal Association 20(3):571–577

    Google Scholar 

  503. Kutner NG, Bliwise DL (2002) Sleep Med 3(6):497–500

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  504. Bhowmik D, Bhatia M, Tiwari S et al (2004) Ren Fail 26(1):69–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  505. Happe S, Treptau N, Ziegler R et al (2005) Neuropediatrics 36(2):98–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  506. Merlino G, Frattici L, Valente M et al (2007) Sleep 30(7):866–871

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  507. Salvi F, Montagna P, Plasmati R et al (1990) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53(6):522–525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  508. Hening WA (2002) Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2(2):186–196

    Google Scholar 

  509. Lee MS, Choi YC, Lee SH et al (1996) Mov Disord 11(6):719–722

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  510. Rutkove SB, Matheson JK, Logigian EL (1996) Muscle Nerve 19(5):670–672

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  511. Gemignani F, Marbini A, Di GG et al (1997) J Neurol Sci 152(2):218–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  512. Polydefkis M, Allen RP, Hauer P et al (2000) Neurology 55(8):1115–1121

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  513. Gemignani F, Brindani F, Vitetta F et al (2007) J Peripheral Nerv Syst 12(1):50–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  514. Minai OA, Golish JA, Yataco JC et al (2007) J Heart Lung Transplant 26(1):24–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  515. Tembl JI, Ferrer JM, Sevilla MT et al (1999) Neurology 53(4):861–864

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  516. Auger C, Montplaisir J, Duquette P (2005) Neurology 65(10):1652–1653

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  517. Ferini-Strambi L, Manconi M, Fabbrini M et al (2006) Sleep 29(Suppl):A288

    Google Scholar 

  518. Fernandez-Matarrubia M, Cuadrado ML, Sanchez-Barros CM et al (2014) Headache 54(8):1337–1346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  519. van de Vijver DAMC, Walley T, Petri H (2004) Sleep Med 5(5):435–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  520. Karacan I, Thornby JI, Anch M et al (1976) Soc Sci Med (10):239–244

    Google Scholar 

  521. Partinen M, Rimpelä M (1982) Sleeping habits and sleep disorders in a population of 2016 Finnish adults. In: The yearbook of health education research 1982. The National Board of Health, Finland, pp 253–260

    Google Scholar 

  522. Billiard M, Alperovitch A, Perot C et al (1987) Sleep 10:297–305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  523. Klink M, Quan SF (1987) Chest (91):540–546

    Google Scholar 

  524. Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Rintahaka P, Laippala P et al (1995) J Sleep Res 4:173–182

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  525. Hays JC, Blazer DG, Foley DJ (1996) J Am Geriatr Soc 44:693–698

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  526. Ganguli M, Reynolds CF, Gilby JE (1996) J Am Geriatr Soc 44(7):778–784

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  527. Johns M, Hocking B (1997) Sleep 20(10):844–849

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  528. Schmitt BE, Gugger M, Augustiny K et al (2000) Schweiz Med Wochenschr 130(21):772–778

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  529. Melamed S, Oksenberg A (2002) Sleep 25(3):315–322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  530. Kaneita Y, Ohida T, Uchiyama M et al (2005) J Epidemiol 15(1):1–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  531. Pallesen S, Nordhus IH, Omvik S et al (2007) Sleep 30(5):619–624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  532. Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F, Zucconi M et al (1983) Sleep/wake disorders: natural history, epidemiology, and long-term evolution 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  533. Kelly KB, Ehrver M, Erneholm T et al (1991) Acta Pediatr Scand 80:837–843

    Google Scholar 

  534. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Paiva T et al (1997) Sleep 20(12):1086–1092

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  535. Ohida T, Osaki Y, Doi Y et al (2004) Sleep 27(5):978–985

    Google Scholar 

  536. Ekbom K (1945) Acta Med Scand Suppl 158:1–123

    Google Scholar 

  537. O’Keeffe S, Noel J, Lavan JN (1993) Postgrad Med J 69(815):701–703

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  538. Rothdach AJ, Trenkwalder C, Haberstock J et al (2000) Neurology 54(5):1064–1068

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  539. Ohayon MM, Roth T (2002) J Psychosom Res 53(1):547–554

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  540. Rijsman R, Neven AK, Graffelman W et al (2004) Eur J Neurol—Off J Eur Fed Neurol Soc 11(9):607–611

    Google Scholar 

  541. Högl B, Kiechl S, Willeit J et al (2005) Neurology 64(11):1920–1924

    Google Scholar 

  542. Lavigne GJ, Montplaisir JY (1994) Sleep 17(8):739–743

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  543. Sevim S, Dogu O, Camdeviren H et al (2003) Neurology 61(11):1562–1569

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  544. Tan EK, Seah A, See SJ et al (2001) Mov Disord 16(3):577–579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  545. Bhowmik D, Bhatia M, Gupta S et al (2003) Sleep Med 4(2):143–146

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  546. Kim J, Choi C, Shin K et al (2005) Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 59(3):350–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Vitalmed Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland

    Markku Partinen

  2. Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Turku, Finland

    Erkki Kronholm

Authors
  1. Markku Partinen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Erkki Kronholm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Markku Partinen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Graduate Medical Education, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA

    Sudhansu Chokroverty

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Partinen, M., Kronholm, E. (2017). Epidemiology: Principles and Application in Sleep Medicine. In: Chokroverty, S. (eds) Sleep Disorders Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_28

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_28

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6576-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6578-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation