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Sleep Disorders Medicine pp 353–390Cite as

Neuroimaging in Normal and Abnormal Sleep

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Abstract

Functional neuroimaging studies have provided key insights into the neural causes, consequences, and correlates of sleep disorders. Brain imaging studies during normal sleep have revealed dynamic neural activity, characteristically different from wakefulness and correlated with electroencephalographic sleep oscillations. Sleep deprivation causes activations and deactivations in several brain regions, and white matter densities predict its detrimental effect on cognitive ability. Functional neuroimaging studies in insomnia support hyperarousal theory, notably with decreased inhibition shown during the transition from wakefulness to sleep. Structural findings in insomnia are less consistent, with alterations detected in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. In narcoleptic patients, functional and structural abnormalities are found mainly in the hypothalamus, supporting a hypocretinergic dysfunction, whereas altered limbic responding may relate to emotional dysregulation. Thalamic hypoperfusion seems to underlie Kleine–Levin syndrome (KLS), a type of central hypersomnia. Neuroimaging studies of obstructive sleep apnea have focused on its negative neuropsychological effects, linking them to structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, parietal cortex, and white matter tracts, as well as to functional changes in the default-mode network. Only some of these changes seem reversible by treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). In restless legs syndrome (RLS), iron depletion in the substantia nigra (SN) may interact with dopaminergic dysfunction to disturb the sensorimotor control of pain. A single case report of a sleepwalking episode demonstrated prefrontal hypoperfusion and posterior cingulate hyperperfusion. Lastly, functional and structural studies of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder converge on pontine abnormalities, as well as presynaptic dopamine dysfunction related to the development of synucleinopathy.

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Acknowledgments

Dr. Dang-Vu receives research support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Santé (FRQS), and the Sleep Research Society Foundation (SRSF).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Exercise Science, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St W, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada

    Thien Thanh Dang-Vu, Jordan O’Byrne, Victoria Zhang & Audrée Arcelin

  2. Centre for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada

    Thien Thanh Dang-Vu & Jordan O’Byrne

  3. PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7200 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada

    Thien Thanh Dang-Vu & Jordan O’Byrne

  4. Centre de Recherches de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, 4545 Queen-Mary Rd, Montreal, QC, H3W 1W4, Canada

    Thien Thanh Dang-Vu & Jordan O’Byrne

  5. Department of Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Michel-Servet 1, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland

    Sophie Schwartz

  6. UR2NF—Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Centre de Recherches Cognition et Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neurosciences Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP191, Av F Roosevelt, 50, 1050, Brussels, Belgium

    Philippe Peigneux

  7. Cyclotron Research Centre, CHU Liège, University of Liege, B30, 4000, Liège, Belgium

    Pierre Maquet

  8. Clinique Psychiatrique des Frères Alexiens, Rue du Chateau de Ruyff, 68, 4841, Henri-Chapelle, Belgium

    Martin Desseilles

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  1. Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
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Correspondence to Thien Thanh Dang-Vu .

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  1. School of Graduate Medical Education, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA

    Sudhansu Chokroverty

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Dang-Vu, T.T. et al. (2017). Neuroimaging in Normal and Abnormal Sleep. In: Chokroverty, S. (eds) Sleep Disorders Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6578-6_21

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