Skip to main content

The Middle and Late Neolithic Periods of China: Major Themes, Unresolved Issues, and Suggestions for Future Research

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology

Abstract

This chapter discusses interpretations of evidence about settlement patterns, development of urbanism , ritual activities, and craft goods from the Middle and Late Neolithic Periods of China. The focus is on sites from the central Yellow River Valley, lower Yellow River Valley, central Yangzi River Valley, and lower Yangzi River Valley. It makes suggestions for future research and argues for intensive studies of individual regions in order to highlight variation in political, economic, and social organization.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bayman, J. (2005). Hohokam craft economies and the materialization of power. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 9(1), 69–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, W. E., Higham, C. F. W., & McGrath, R. J. (1999). The geoarchaeology of Iron Age “moated” sites of the Upper Mae Nam Mun Valley, N.E. Thailand. I: Palaeodrainage, site-landscape relationships and the origins of the “moats.” Geoarchaeology, 14(4), 675–716.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, R. (2009). Toward a networks and boundaries approach to early complex polities. The Late Shang Case. Current Anthropology, 50(6), 821–848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canuto, M. A., & Yaeger, J. (Eds.). (2000). The archaeology of communities: A new world perspective. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, K. C. (1987). The archaeology of ancient China (3rd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowgill, G. (2004). Origins and development of urbanism: Archaeological perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 525–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, G., Underhill, A., Zhao, Z., Lee, G.-A., Feinman, G., Nicholas, L., et al. (2005). Late Neolithic plant remains from northern China: Preliminary results from Liangchengzhen, Shandong. Current Anthropology, 46(2), 309–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dematte, P. (1999a). Longshan era urbanism: The role of cities in predynastic China. Asian Perspectives, 38(2), 119–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dematte, P. (1999b). The role of writing in the process of state formation in Late Neolithic China. East and West, 49, 241–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drennan, R., & Dai, X. (2010). Chiefdoms and states in the Yuncheng Basin and the Chifeng region: A comparative analysis of settlement systems in north China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 29, 455–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flad, R. K. (2008). Divination and power: A multiregional view of the development of oracle bone divination in early China. Current Anthropology, 49(3), 403–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, R. (2009). Low density agrarian based urbanism: A comparative view. Insights, 2(4), 2–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu, Y. (2016). Songshan Dongnan Diqu Longshan Shidai de Juluo Yu Shehui. Doctoral dissertation, Shandong University, May 1, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, C. (2000). The drinks are on us: Ritual, social status, and practice in Dawenkou burials, north China. Journal of East Asian Archaeology, 2(1–2), 67–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, J., & He, N. (2014). Taosi Yizhi Chutu Tongqi Chutan. Nanfang Wenwu, 1, 91–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henan [Henan Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo]. (2003). Huixian Mengzhuang. Zhongzhou GuJi Press, Zhengzhou.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henan Sheng Wenwu Guanliju Nan Shui Bei Diao Wewu Baohu Banlishi, Shandong Daxue Kaogu Xi. (2010). Henan Bo Ai Xian Xijincheng Longshan Wenhua Chengzhi Fajue Jianbao. Kaogu, 6, 502–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubei Sheng Jingzhou Bowuguan, Hubei Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Beijing Daxue Kaoguxue Xi Shijiahe Kaogu Dui. (1999). Xiaojiawuji (Vols. 1 and 2). Beijing: Wenwu Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubei Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo, Beijing Daxue Kaoguxue Xi Shijiahe Kaogu Dui, Hubei Sheng Bowuguan. (2003). Dengjiawan. Beijing: Wenwu Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keightley, D. N. (2006). Marks and labels: Early writing in Neolithic and Shang China. In M. Stark (Ed.), The archaeology of Asia (pp. 177–201). Malden, MA: Blackwell Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S.-O. (1994). Burials, pigs, and political prestige in Neolithic China. Current Anthropology, 35(2), 119–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X. (2013). The later Neolithic period in the central Yellow River valley area, c. 4000–3000 BC. In A. P. Underhill (Ed.), A companion to Chinese archaeology.(pp. 213–235). Blackwell Companions to Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L. (1996). Settlement patterns, chiefdom variability, and the development of early states in north China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 15, 237–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L. (2003). “The products of minds as well as of hands:” Production of prestige goods in the Neolithic and early state periods of China. Asian Perspectives, 42(1), 1–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L. (2004). The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to early states. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, New Studies in Archaeology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L. (2009). State emergence in early China. Annual Review of Anthropology, 38, 217–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L., & Chen, X. (2012). The archaeology of China: From the late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge World Archaeology. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L., Chen, X., Lee, Y. K., Wright, H., & Rosen, A. (2004). Settlement patterns and development of social complexity in the Yiluo region, north China. Journal of Field Archaeology, 75, 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, B., Wang, N., Chen, M. (2016). A realm of gods and kings: The recent discovery of Liangzhu city and the rise of civilization in south China. Asian Archaeology, 4, 13–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luan, F. (1994). Dinggong Longshan Chengzhi he Longshan Wenzi de Faxian Ji Ji Yiyi. Wenshizhe, 3, 85–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luan, F. (2013). The Dawenkou culture in the lower Yellow River and Huai River Basin areas. In A. P. Underhill (Ed.), A companion to Chinese archaeology. (pp. 411–434). Blackwell Companions to Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luan, F., Fang, H., Yu, H., Cai, F., & Underhill, A. (2004). Shandong Rizhao Shi Liangchengzhen Yizhi 1998–2001 Nian Fajue Jian Bao. Kaogu, 9(2004), 775–786.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma, X. (2005). Emergent social complexity in the Yangshao culture. BAR International Series 1453. Oxford: Archaeopress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, J., & Sabloff, J. A. (2008). Cities and urbanism: Central themes and future directions. In J. Marcus & J. A. Sabloff (Eds.), The ancient city: New perspectives on urbanism in the old and new world (pp. 323–336). Santa Fe, NM: A School for Advanced Research Resident Scholar Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGovern, P., Underhill, A. P., Fang, H., Luan, F., Hall, G. R., Haiguang, Y., et al. (2005). Chemical identification and cultural implications of a mixed fermented beverage from late prehistoric China. Asian Perspectives, 44(2), 249–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, R. (1991). Early urban clusters in China and Africa: The arbitration of social ambiguity. Journal of Field Archaeology, 18, 199–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, R. (1999). Clustered cities and alternative courses to authority in prehistory. Journal of East Asian Archaeology, 1, 63–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, B. (2004). The establishment and defeat of hierarchy: Inalienable possessions and the history of collective prestige structures in the Pueblo Southwest. American Anthropologist, 106(2), 238–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, B. J., & Ferguson, T. J. (2008). Animate objects: Shell trumpets and ritual networks in the greater Southwest. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 15(4), 338–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nu, H. (2013). The Longshan period site of Taosi in southern Shanxi province. In A. P. Underhill (Ed.), A companion to Chinese archaeology. (pp. 255–277). Blackwell Companions to Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nu, H., Gao, J., & Wang, X. (2008). Shanxi Xiangfen Xian Taosi Chengzhi Faxian Taosi Wenhua Zhongqi Daxing Hangtu Jianzhu Jizhi. Kaogu, 3(2008), 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, D. J. W. (2014). Increasing complexity and the political economy model; a consideration of Iron Age moated sites in Thailand. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 35, 297–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pankenier, D. W., Liu, C. Y., & de Meis, S. (2008). The Xiangfen, Taosi Site: A Chinese Neolithic ‘observatory’? In Reflections of astronomical and cosmological knowledge in monuments, landscapes and architecture. Archaeologia Baltica, 10, 141–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauketat, T. R. (2007). Chiefdoms and other archaeological delusions. Landham, MD: Altamira Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pei, A. (2008). Clustering patterns of prehistoric settlements. Chinese Archaeology, 8, 155–162. Institute of Archaeology Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Archaeology Publications. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pei, A. (2014). Zhongguo Shiqian Juluo Qunjuxingtai Yanjiu. National Achievements Library of Philosophy and Social Sciences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penchenkina, E. A., Benfer, R. A., Jr., & Ma, X. (2007). Diet and health in the Neolithic of the Wei and Middle Yellow River Basins, North China. In M. N. Cohen & G. M. M. Crane-Kramer (Eds.), Ancient health: Skeletal indicators of agricultural and economic intensification (pp. 255–272). Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, C. E., & Shelach, G. (2010). The evolution of early Yangshao period village organization in the middle reaches of northern China’s Yellow River Valley. In M. S. Bandy & J. R. Fox (Eds.), Becoming villagers: Comparing early village societies (pp. 246–275). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, J. M. (2000). Pots, parties, and politics: Communal feasting in the American Southwest. American Antiquity, 65(3), 471–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purdue, L. E., & Berger, J.-F. (2015). An integrated socio-environmental approach to the study of ancient water systems: The case of prehistoric Hohokam irrigation systems in semi-arid central Arizona, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science, 53, 586–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin, L. (2013). The Liangzhu culture. In A. P. Underhill (Ed.), A Companion to Chinese Archaeology (pp. 574–596). Blackwell Companions to Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, A. (2007). The role of environmental change in the development of complex societies in China: A study from the Huizui Site. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin, 27, 39–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shandong Sheng Wenwu Kaogu Yanjiusuo et al. (2015). Shouguang Bianxianwang Longshan Wenhua Chengzhi de Kaogu Fajue. Haidai Kaogu, 8, 1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shandong University [Shandong Daxue Lishi Xi Kaogu Zhuanye]. (1992). Shandong Zouping Dinggong Yizhi Di Er, San Ci Fajue Jian Bao. Kaogu, 6, 496–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shao, W. (2000). The Longshan period and incipient Chinese civilization. Journal of East Asian Archaeology, 2(1–2), 195–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelach-Lavi, G. (2015). The archaeology of early China: From prehistory to the Han Dynasty. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shelach, G., & Jaffe, Y. (2014). The earliest states in China: A long-term trajectory approach. Journal of Archaeological Research, 22, 327–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. L. (2014). The archaeology of urban landscapes. Annual Review of Anthropology, 43, 307–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spielmann, K. A. (2002). Feasting, craft specialization, and the ritual mode of production in small-scale societies. American Anthropologist, 104(1), 195–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, B. (2013). The Longshan Culture of Shandong. In A. P. Underhill (Ed.), A Companion to Chinese Archaeology (pp. 435–458). Blackwell Companions to Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trigger, B. G. (1972). Determinants of urban growth in pre-industrial societies. In P. J. Ucko, R. Tringham, & G. W. Dimbleby (Eds.), Man, settlement, and urbanism (pp. 575–599). London: Duckworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trigger, B. G. (2008). Early cities: Craft workers, kings, and controlling the supernatural. In J. Marcus & J. A. Sabloff (Eds.), The ancient city: New perspectives on urbanism in the old and new world (pp. 53–66). Santa Fe, New Mexico: A School for Advanced Research Resident Scholar Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twiss, K. (2012). The archaeology of food and social diversity. Journal of Archaeological Research, 20, 357–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. P. (1989). Warfare during the Chinese Neolithic period: A review of the evidence. In D. C. Tkaczuk & B. C. Vivian (Eds.), Cultures in Conflict: Current Archaeological Perspectives (pp. 229–237). Calgary, Alberta: Archaeological Association, University of Calgary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. P. (1996). Craft production and social evolution during the Longshan Period of northern China. In B. Wailes (Ed.), Craft specialization and social evolution: In memory of V. Gordon Childe (pp. 133–150). Philadelphia: The University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of PA, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. P. (2000). An analysis of mortuary ritual at the Dawenkou Site, Shandong, China. Journal of East Asian Archaeology. In R. Murowchick, L. von Falkenhausen, C. H. Tsang, & R. Yates (Eds.), Festschrift in Honor of Kwang-chih Chang 2(1–2), 93–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. P. (2002). Craft production and social change in northern China. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum/Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. P. (2015). What is special about specialization? In R. Scott & S. Kosslyn (Eds.), Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences. Wiley and Sons, Wiley Online Library.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. P. (Ed.). (2013a). A companion to Chinese archaeology.. Blackwell Companions to Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. P. (Ed.). (2013b). Introduction: Investigating the development and nature of complex societies in ancient China. In A. P. Underhill (Ed.), A companion to Chinese archaeology (pp. 3–12). Blackwell Companions to Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. P., Feinman, G. M., Nicholas, L. M., Fang, H., Luan, F., Haiguang, Y., et al. (2008). Changes in regional settlement patterns and the development of complex societies in southeastern Shandong, China. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 27, 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underhill, A. P., & Habu, J. (2006). Early communities in East Asia: Economic and sociopolitical organization. In M. T. Stark (Ed.), Archaeology of Asia (pp. 121–148). New York: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • von Falkenhausen, L. (2008). Stages in the development of “cities” in pre-imperial China. In J. Marcus & J. A. Sabloff (Eds.), The ancient city: New perspectives on urbanism in the old and new world (pp. 209–228). Santa Fe, NM: A School for Advanced Research Resident Scholar Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J. (1995). Incorporating heterarchy into theory on socio-political development: The case for Southeast Asia. In R. M. Ehrenreich, C. L. Crumley, & J. E. Levy (Eds.), Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies (pp. 101–123). Arlington, VA: Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, T. J., Graham Philip, J., Bradbury, R. W., Dunford, D. D., Galiatsatos, N., Daniel Lawrence, A., et al. (2014). Contextualizing early urbanization: Settlement cores, early states and agro-pastoral strategies in the fertile crescent during the Fourth and Third Millennia BC. Journal of World Prehistory, 27, 43–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wenming, Y. (1987). Zhongguo Shiqian Wenhua de tongyixin yu Duoyangxing [Unity and Diversity in Chinese Neolithic Culture]. Wenwu, 3, 38–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoffee, N. (2009). Making ancient cities plausible. Reviews in Anthropology, 38, 264–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, C. (2013). The Qujialing-Shijiahe culture in the middle Yangzi River Valley. In A. P. Underhill (Ed.), A companion to Chinese archaeology (pp. 510–534). Blackwell Companions to Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, C. (2013). The Longshan Culture in Central Henan Province, c. 2600–1900 BC. In A. P. Underhill (Ed.), A companion to Chinese archaeology (pp. 236–254). Blackwell Companions to Anthropology. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhong Mei Hezuo Kaogu Dui (Sino-American Collaborative Archaeology Team). (2016). Liangchengzhen: 1998-2001 Nian Fajue Baogao (Liangchengzhen: 1998-2001 Excavation Report, 4 volumes). Beijing: Wenwu Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

I thank Shen Dewei and Fu Yonggang for preparing Fig. 29.1, and Jill Seagard at The Field Museum for preparing the base map.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anne P. Underhill .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Underhill, A.P. (2017). The Middle and Late Neolithic Periods of China: Major Themes, Unresolved Issues, and Suggestions for Future Research. In: Habu, J., Lape, P., Olsen, J. (eds) Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6521-2_29

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6521-2_29

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6519-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6521-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics