Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Applications of Small Angle X-ray Scattering in Pharmaceutical Science

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Analytical Techniques in the Pharmaceutical Sciences

Part of the book series: Advances in Delivery Science and Technology ((ADST))

Abstract

Small angle X-ray scattering offers opportunities to better understand pharmaceutical systems across a range of length scales related to drug delivery. This contribution aims to highlight a range of areas in which SAXS can be deployed to better understand structure in pharmaceutically relevant materials from molecular to colloidal dimensions, with a focus on developing synchrotron techniques that provide new opportunities in time resolved kinetic studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aaltonen J, Alleso M, Mirza S, Koradia V, Gordon KC, Rantanen J (2009) Solid form screening—a review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 71:23–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aizawa H (2010) Morphology of polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) micelles in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solutions. J Appl Cryst 43:630–631

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amenitsch H, Bernstorff S, Kriechbaum M, Lombardo D, Mio H, Rappolt M, Laggner P (1997) Performance and first results of the ELETTRA high-flux beamline for small-angle x-ray scattering. J Appl Cryst 30:872–876

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson AC (2003) The process of structure-based drug design. Chem Biol 10:787–797

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attwood D, Florence AT, Gillan JMN (1974) Micellar properties of drugs: properties of micellar aggregates of phenothiazines and their aqueous solutions. J Pharm Sci 63:988–993

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bauwens CM (2012) X-ray scattering. Nova, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein J (2007) Polymorphism in molecular crystals. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Boetker J, Rades T, Rantanen J, Hawley A, Boyd BJ (2012) Structural elucidation of rapid solution-mediated phase transitions in pharmaceutical solids using in situ synchrotron SAXS/WAXS. Mol Pharm 9:2787–2791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borne J, Nylander T, Khan A (2001) Phase behavior and aggregate formation for the aqueous monoolein system mixed with sodium oleate and oleic acid. Langmuir 17:7742–7751

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouwstra JA, Gooris GS, Bras W, Talsma H (1993) Small angle X-ray scattering: possibilities and limitations in characterization of vesicles. Chem Phys Lipids 64:83–98

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bunjes H, Rades T (2005) Thermotropic liquid crystalline drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol 57:807–816

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caboi F, Amico GS, Pitzalis P, Monduzzi M, Nylander T, Larsson K (2001) Addition of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds of biological relevance to the monoolein/water system. I. Phase behavior. Chem Phys Lipids 109:47–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carey MC, Small DM (1970) The characteristics of mixed micellar solutions with particular reference to bile. Am J Med 49:590–608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chacón P, Diaz JF, Morán F, Andreu JM (2000) Reconstruction of protein form with X-ray solution scattering and a genetic algorithm. J Mol Biol 299:1289–1302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang CM, Bodmeier R (1997) Effect of dissolution media and additives on the drug release from cubic phase delivery systems. J Control Release 46:215–222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clogston J, Rathman J, Tomasko D, Walker H, Caffrey M (2000) Phase behavior of a monoacylglycerol (Myverol 18-99K)/water system. Chem Phys Lipids 107:191–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies JM, Tsuruta H, May AP, Weis WI (2005) Conformational changes of p97 during nucleotide hydrolysis determined by small-angle X-ray scattering. Structure 13:183–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deschamps J (2005) The role of crystallography in drug design. AAPS J 7:E813–E819

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dong LA, Li J, Jian WS, Zhang L, Wu MS, Shi HL, Luo SQ (2014) Emphysema early diagnosis using X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging at synchrotron light source. Biomed Eng Online 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong Y-D, Boyd BJ (2011) Applications of X-ray scattering in pharmaceutical science. Int J Pharm 417:101–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dong YD, Larson I, Hanley T, Boyd BJ (2006) Bulk and dispersed aqueous phase behavior of phytantriol: effect of vitamin E acetate and F127 polymer on liquid crystal nanostructure. Langmuir 22:9512–9518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dora CL, Silva LFC, Putaux JL, Nishiyama Y, Pignot-Paintrand I, Borsali R, Lemos-Senna E (2012) Poly(ethylene glycol) hydroxystearate-based nanosized emulsions: effect of surfactant concentration on their formation and ability to solubilize quercetin. J Biomed Nanotechnol 8:202–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du JD, Liu Q, Salentinig S, Nguyen T-H, Boyd BJ (2014) A novel approach to enhance the mucoadhesion of lipid drug nanocarriers for improved drug delivery to the buccal mucosa. Int J Pharm 471:358–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dupuy C, Auvray X, Petipas C, Rico-Lattes I, Lattes A (1997) Anomeric effects on the structure of micelles of alkyl maltosides in water. Langmuir 13:3965–3967

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engstroem S, Engstrom L (1992) Phase behaviour of the lidocaine-monoolein-water system. Int J Pharm 79:113–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feast GC, Hutt OE, Mulet X, Conn CE, Drummond CJ, Savage GP (2014) The high-throughput synthesis and phase characterisation of amphiphiles: a sweet case study. Chem Eur J 20:2783–2792

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fini A, Fazio G, Feroci G (1995) Solubility and solubilization properties of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Int J Pharm 126:95–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fong W-K, Hanley T, Boyd BJ (2009) Stimuli responsive liquid crystals provide ‘on-demand’ drug delivery in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 135:218–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fong W-K, Hanley TL, Thierry B, Kirby N, Boyd BJ (2010) Plasmonic nanorods provide reversible control over nanostructure of self-assembled drug delivery materials. Langmuir 26:6136–6139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fong W-K, Malic N, Evans RA, Hawley A, Boyd BJ, Hanley TL (2012) Alkylation of spiropyran moiety provides reversible photo-control over nanostructured soft materials. Biointerphases 7(1–4):3

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fong W-K, Salentinig S, Prestidge CA, Mezzenga R, Hawley A, Boyd BJ (2014) Generation of geometrically ordered lipid-based liquid crystalline nanoparticles using biologically relevant enzymatic processing. Langmuir 30(19):5373–5377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Formariz TP, Chiavacci LA, Sarmento VHV, Franzini CM, Silva AA Jr, Scarpa MV, Santilli CV, Egito EST, Oliveira AG (2008) Structural changes of biocompatible neutral microemulsions stabilized by mixed surfactant containing soya phosphatidylcholine and their relationship with doxorubicin release. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 63:287–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glatter O, Kratky O (1982) Small angle X-ray scattering. Academic, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Burgaz M, Torrado G, Torrado S (2009) Characterization and superficial transformations on mini-matrices made of interpolymer complexes of chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose during in vitro clarithromycin release. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 73:130–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gradzielski M (2012) Dynamics of self-assembled systems studied by neutron scattering: current state and perspectives. Eur Phys J Spec Top 213:267–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greco K, Bogner R (2012) Solution-mediated phase transformation: significance during dissolution and implications for bioavailability. J Pharm Sci 101:2996–3018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guinier A (1959) Heterogeneities in solid solutions. In: Frederick S, David T (eds) Solid state physics. Academic, New York, pp 293–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez-Pichel M, Barbosa S, Taboada P, Mosquera V (2003) Surface properties of some amphiphilic antidepressant drugs in different aqueous media. Colloids Polym Sci 281:575–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, Garamus VM, Funari SS, Malfois M, Willumeit R, Niemeyer B (2002) Comparison of small-angle scattering methods for the structural analysis of octyl-β-maltopyranoside micelles. J Phys Chem B 106:7596–7604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilfiker R (1991) SAXS studies on structure formation in microemulsion-triblock copolymer systems. Ber Bunsen Ges Phys Chem 95:1227–1232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilfiker R, Blatter F, Raumer MV (2006) Relevance of solid-state properties for pharmaceutical products, polymorphism: in the pharmaceutical industry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, New York, pp 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirai M, Kawai-Hirai R, Iwase H, Hayakawa T, Kawabata Y, Takeda T (2002) Effect of proteins on dynamics of water-in-oil AOT microemulsions. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 74:s1254–s1256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirai M, Kawai-Hirai R, Takizawa T, Yabuki S, Nakamura K, Hirai T, Kobayashi K, Amemiya Y, Oya M (1995a) Aerosol-OT reversed micellar formation at low water-surfactant ratio studied by synchrotron radiation small-angle X-ray scattering. J Phys Chem 99:6652–6660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirai M, Takizawa T, Yabuki S, Hirai T, Hayashi K (1996) Thermotropic structural change of disialoganglioside micelles studied by using synchrotron radiation small-angle X-ray scattering. J Phys Chem 100:11675–11680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirai M, Takizawa T, Yabuki S, Kawai-Hirai R, Oya M, Nakamura K, Kobashi K, Amemiya Y (1995b) Structure and reactivity of aerosol-OT reversed micelles containing [small alpha]-chymotrypsin. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 91:1081–1089

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hura GL, Menon AL, Hammel M, Rambo RP, Poole Ii FL, Tsutakawa SE, Jenney FE Jr, Classen S, Frankel KA, Hopkins RC, Yang S-j, Scott JW, Dillard BD, Adams MWW, Tainer JA (2009) Robust, high-throughput solution structural analyses by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Nat Methods 6:606–612

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ianeselli L, Zhang F, Skoda MWA, Jacobs RMJ, Martin RA, Callow S, Prévost S, Schreiber F (2010) Protein-protein interactions in ovalbumin solutions studied by small-angle scattering: effect of ionic strength and the chemical nature of cations. J Phys Chem B 114:3776–3783

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi JV, Aswal VK, Goyal PS (2007) Combined SANS and SAXS studies on alkali metal dodecyl sulphate micelles. J Phys Condens Matter 19:196219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kataoka K, Harada A, Nagasaki Y (2001) Block copolymer micelles for drug delivery: design, characterization and biological significance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 47:113–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kataoka M, Kuwajima K, Tokunaga F, Goto Y (1997) Structural characterization of the molten globule of α-lactalbumin by solution X-ray scattering. Protein Sci 6:422–430

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby NM, Mudie ST, Hawley AM, Cookson DJ, Mertens HDT, Cowieson N, Samardzic-Boban V (2013) A low-background-intensity focusing small-angle X-ray scattering undulator beamline. J Appl Cryst 46:1670–1680

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koradia V, Tenho M, de Diego HL, Ringkjobing-Elema M, Moller-Sonnergaard J, Salonen J, Lehto VP, Rantanen J (2012) Investigation of solid phase composition on tablet surfaces by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. Pharm Res 29:134–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kurz JL (1962) Effects of micellisation on the kinetics of the hydrolysis of monoalkyl sulfates. J Phys Chem 66:2239–2246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KWY, Nguyen T-H, Hanley T, Boyd BJ (2008) Nanostructure of liquid crystalline matrix determines in vitro sustained release and in vivo oral absorption kinetics for hydrophilic model drugs. Int J Pharm 365:190–199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindner P (1991) Neutron, x-ray and light scattering: introduction to an investigative tool for colloidal and polymeric systems. In: Proceedings of the European workshop on neutron, X-ray and light scattering as an investigative tool for colloidal and polymeric systems, Bombannes, France, 27 May-2 June, 1990. North-Holland, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipfert J, Columbus L, Chu VB, Lesley SA, Doniach S (2007) Size and shape of detergent micelles determined by small-angle X-ray scattering. J Phys Chem B 111:12427–12438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipfert J, Doniach S (2007) Small-angle X-ray scattering from RNA, proteins, and protein complexes. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 36:307–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L-Z, Cheng Z, Inomata K, Zhou S, Chu B (1999) Synchrotron SAXS and laser light scattering studies of aggregation behavior of poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl acrylate-b-vinyl acetate) diblock copolymer in supercritical carbon dioxide. Macromolecules 32:5836–5845

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Wacker D, Wang C, Abola E, Cherezov V (2014) Femtosecond crystallography of membrane proteins in the lipidic cubic phase. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 369:20130314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund R, Willner L, Monkenbusch M, Panine P, Narayanan T, Colmenero J, Richter D (2009) Structural observation and kinetic pathway in the formation of polymeric micelles. Phys Rev Lett 102:188301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mackeben S, Müller-Goymann CC (2000) Solubilization of timolol maleate in reversed micellar systems: measurement of particle size using SAXS and PCS. Int J Pharm 196:207–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandelkow E, Holmes K (1989) Synchrotron radiation as a source for X-ray diffraction the beginning, vol III, Synchrotron radiation in chemistry and biology. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukerjee P (1974) Micellar properties of drugs: micellar and nonmicellar patterns of self-association of hydrophobic solutes of different molecular structures—monomer fraction, availability, and misuses of micellar hypothesis. J Pharm Sci 63:972–981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulet X, Conn CE, Fong C, Kennedy DF, Moghaddam MJ, Drummond CJ (2013) High-throughput development of amphiphile self-assembly materials: fast-tracking synthesis, characterization, formulation, application, and understanding. Acc Chem Res 46:1497–1505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulet X, Kennedy DF, Conn CE, Hawley A, Drummond CJ (2010) High throughput preparation and characterisation of amphiphilic nanostructured nanoparticulate drug delivery vehicles. Int J Pharm 395:290–297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Goymann CC (2002) Drug delivery—liquid crystals. In: Swarbrick J, Boylan JC (eds) Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical technology. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakano M, Teshigawara T, Sugita A, Leesajakul W, Taniguchi A, Kamo T, Matsuoka H, Handa T (2002) Dispersions of liquid crystalline phases of the monoolein/oleic acid/Pluronic F127 system. Langmuir 18:9283–9288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen FS, Gibault E, Ljusberg-Wahren H, Arleth L, Pedersen AS, Mullertz A (2007) Characterization of prototype self-nanoemuisifying formulations of lipophilic compounds. J Pharm Sci 96:876–892

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papadimitriou V, Xenakis A, Petit C, Pileni M (1994) Structural modifications of reverse micelles due to enzyme incorporation studied by SAXS. In: Ottewill R, Rennie A (eds) Trends in colloid and interface science VIII. Springer, Berlin, pp 226–228

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson J, Bary A, Rades T (2002) Physical stability and solubility of the thermotropic mesophase of fenoprofen calcium as pure drug and in a tablet formulation. Int J Pharm 247:147–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phan S, Hawley A, Mulet X, Waddington L, Prestidge CA, Boyd BJ (2013) Structural aspects of digestion of medium chain triglycerides studied in real time using sSAXS and cryo-TEM. Pharm Res 30:3088–3100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rades T, Müller-Goymann CC (1994) Melting behaviour and thermotropic mesomorphism of fenoprofen salts. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 40:277–282

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rambo RP, Tainer JA (2010) Improving small-angle X-ray scattering data for structural analyses of the RNA world. RNA 16:638–646

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ristori S, Oberdisse J, Grillo I, Donati A, Spalla O (2005) Structural characterization of cationic liposomes loaded with sugar-based carboranes. Biophys J 88:535–547

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Spong B, Acciacca A, Fleisher D, Rodriguez-Hornedo N (2008) pH-induced nanosegregation of ritonavir to lyotropic liquid crystal of higher solubility than crystalline polymorphs. Mol Pharm 5:956–967

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salentinig S, Phan S, Darwish TA, Kirby N, Boyd BJ, Gilbert EP (2014) pH-responsive micelles based on caprylic acid. Langmuir 30:7296–7303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salvati A, Ristori S, Oberdisse J, Spalla O, Ricciardi G, Pietrangeli D, Giustini M, Martini G (2007) Small angle scattering and zeta potential of liposomes loaded with octa(carboranyl)porphyrazine. J Phys Chem B 111:10357–10364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanada Y, Akiba I, Sakurai K, Shiraishi K, Yokoyama M, Mylonas E, Ohta N, Yagi N, Shinohara Y, Amemiya Y (2013) Hydrophobic molecules infiltrating into the poly(ethylene glycol) domain of the core/shell interface of a polymeric micelle: evidence obtained with anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering. J Am Chem Soc 135:2574–2582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sardet C, Tardieu A, Luzzati V (1976) Shape and size of bovine rhodopsin: a small-angle X-ray scattering study of a rhodopsin-detergent complex. J Mol Biol 105:383–398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scapin G (2006) Structural biology and drug discovery. Curr Pharm Des 12:2087–2097

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmiele M, Schindler T, Westermann M, Steiniger F, Radulescu A, Kriele A, Gilles R, Unruh T (2014) Mesoscopic structures of triglyceride nanosuspensions studied by small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering and computer simulations. J Phys Chem B 118:8808–8818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmolzer S, Grabner D, Gradzielski M, Narayanan T (2002) Millisecond-range time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering studies of micellar transformations. Phys Rev Lett 88:258301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schreier S, Malheiros SVP, de Paula E (2000) Surface active drugs: self-association and interaction with membranes and surfactants. Physicochemical and biological aspects. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 1508:210–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schütze W, Müller-Goymann CC (1998) Phase transformation of a liposomal dispersion into a micellar solution induced by drug-loading. Pharm Res 15:538–543

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skalko N, Bouwstra J, Spies F, Stuart M, Frederik PM, Gregoriadis G (1998) Morphological observations on liposomes bearing covalently bound protein: studies with freeze-fracture and cryo electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering techniques. Biochim Biophys Acta 1370:151–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svergun DI, Koch MHJ (2003) Small-angle scattering studies of biological macromolecules in solution. Rep Prog Phys 66:1735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi K, Wagner G (2006) NMR studies of protein interactions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 16:109–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tangso KJ, Lindberg S, Hartley PG, Knott R, Spicer PT, Boyd BJ (2014) Formation of liquid crystalline structures in the bile salt—chitosan system and triggered release from lamellar phase bile salt—chitosan capsules. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(15):12363–12371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torchilin VP (2001) Structure and design of polymeric surfactant-based drug delivery systems. J Control Release 73:137–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace SJ, Li J, Nation RL, Prankerd RJ, Velkov T, Boyd BJ (2010) Self-assembly behavior of colistin and its prodrug colistin methanesulfonate: implications for solution stability and solubilization. J Phys Chem B 114:4836–4840

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Warren DB, Anby MU, Hawley A, Boyd BJ (2011) Real time evolution of liquid crystalline nanostructure during the digestion of formulation lipids using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering. Langmuir 27:9528–9534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss TM, Narayanan T, Gradzielski M (2008) Dynamics of spontaneous vesicle formation in fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactant mixtures. Langmuir 24:3759–3766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss TM, Narayanan T, Wolf C, Gradzielski M, Panine P, Finet S, Helsby WI (2005) Dynamics of the self-assembly of unilamellar vesicles. Phys Rev Lett 94:038303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams SP, Kuyper LF, Pearce KH (2005) Recent applications of protein crystallography and structure-guided drug design. Curr Opin Chem Biol 9:371–380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wörle G, Siekmann B, Bunjes H (2006) Effect of drug loading on the transformation of vesicular into cubic nanoparticles during heat treatment of aqueous monoolein/poloxamer dispersions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 63:128–133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaghmur A, Laggner P, Sartori B, Rappolt M (2008) Calcium triggered Lα-H2 phase transition monitored by combined rapid mixing and time-resolved synchrotron SAXS. PLoS One 3:e2072

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Allen AJ, Levine LE, Ilavsky J, Long GG, Sandy AR (2011) Development of ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering-X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. J Appl Cryst 44:200–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Ilavsky J (2010) Ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering of polymers. Polym Rev 50:59–90

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang F, Skoda MWA, Jacobs RMJ, Martin RA, Martin CM, Schreiber F (2006) Protein interactions studied by SAXS: effect of ionic strength and protein concentration for BSA in aqueous solutions. J Phys Chem B 111:251–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang R, Marone PA, Thiyagarajan P, Tiede DM (1999) Structure and molecular fluctuations of n-alkyl-β-d-glucopyranoside micelles determined by X-ray and neutron scattering. Langmuir 15:7510–7519

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Qin Z-J, Zhou J-M, Kihara H (2004) Unfolding kinetics of dimeric creatine kinase measured by stopped-flow small angle X-ray scattering. Biochimie 86:127–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Ben J. Boyd

  2. Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark

    Thomas Rades

Authors
  1. Ben J. Boyd
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas Rades
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ben J. Boyd .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Bioneer: FARMA Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

    Anette Müllertz

  2. Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, Seychelles

    Yvonne Perrie

  3. Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark

    Thomas Rades

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Controlled Release Society

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Boyd, B.J., Rades, T. (2016). Applications of Small Angle X-ray Scattering in Pharmaceutical Science. In: Müllertz, A., Perrie, Y., Rades, T. (eds) Analytical Techniques in the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Advances in Delivery Science and Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-4029-5_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation