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Fetal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine pp 167–179Cite as

Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Populations

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Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

Abstract

Amniotic fluid can be considered not only a precious source of information about the developing embryo/fetus, but also a reservoir of potentially invaluable cells for regenerative medicine. Amniotic fluid-derived cells fulfill two criteria to be considered clinically appealing: (1) they can be routinely collected as a side product of amniocenteses with no ethical issues, and (2) they can be easily expanded in vitro in preparation for autologous transplantation in the newborn period. Amniocytes have variable morphology and expression of markers from all three germ layers, making it difficult to determine their ontology. Gestational age, health status of the fetus, compartment of origin, and isolation methods are variables that contribute to the heterogeneity of this population. In the last decade several efforts has been done in order to identify and characterize subpopulations of progenitor/stem-like cells. Amniotic Fluid Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (AF-MSCs) are related to their bone marrow counterpart, however they replicate at a higher rate and are more easily accessible in the fetus. Due to their polyclonal nature, variability in terms of pluripotency markers expression and differentiation potential has been reported. Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells (AFSCs), on the other hand, are a clonal population of rare cells with broader multipotency. Increased standardization in cell isolation, culture, and preservation as well as more detailed characterization continue to evolve and are prerequisites towards eventual clinical application of AF-MSCs and AFSCs in patients.

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Abbreviations

AF-MSC:

Amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal cell

AFSC:

Amniotic fluid stem cell

BM-MSC:

Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell

ESC:

Embryonic stem cell

iPSC:

Induced pluripotent stem cell

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital and Von Voigtlander Women’s Hospital, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Hospital Drive, SPC 4211, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Julie Di Bernardo Ph.D. & Shaun M. Kunisaki M.D., M.Sc.

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  1. Julie Di Bernardo Ph.D.
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  2. Shaun M. Kunisaki M.D., M.Sc.
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Correspondence to Shaun M. Kunisaki M.D., M.Sc. .

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  1. Department of Surgery, Childrens Hosp Boston & Harvard Med, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Dario O. Fauza

  2. Department of Cellular and Molecular Med, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicin, OTTAWA, Ontario, Canada

    Mahmud Bani

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Di Bernardo, J., Kunisaki, S.M. (2016). Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Populations. In: Fauza, D., Bani, M. (eds) Fetal Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3483-6_9

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