Abstract
For any biological or social system to survive and prosper, it has to provide a non-negative rate of return. In finance theory, the performance of a business is measured by its rate of return on monetary investment. In biological theory, the performance of an organism is measured by its rate of return on biological investment, or change of population size. In energy extraction, the rate of return is measured as energy return over energy invested.
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Chen, J. (2016). Major Factors in Biological and Social Systems. In: The Unity of Science and Economics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3466-9_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3466-9_1
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