Skip to main content

Study of Parameters Affecting Visual Saliency Assessment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
From Human Attention to Computational Attention

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Cognitive and Neural Systems ((SSCNS,volume 10))

Abstract

The computational modelling of visual attention has been developed and expanded considerably during the past 10 years. Many different saliency models are now available online (for still images and videos). At the same time, many popular image-video datasets with human gaze data or binary masks have been released to evaluate saliency models with commonly used evaluation metrics. The new challenges and future directions for this field are therefore to establish evaluation protocols and saliency benchmarks. Although some evaluation studies and online benchmarks have already been proposed and are major contributions, a key underlying issue is: how can one fairly evaluate all these models? In this chapter, we investigate this question with an evaluation, divided into four experiments, leading to the proposition of a new evaluation framework.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Riche, N., Mancas, M., Duvinage, M., Mibulumukini, M., Gosselin, B., & Dutoit, T. (2013). Rare2012: A multi-scale rarity-based saliency detection with its comparative statistical analysis. Signal Processing: Image Communication, 28(6), 642–658.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Vikram, T. N., Tscherepanow, M., & Wrede, B. (2012). A saliency map based on sampling an image into random rectangular regions of interest. Pattern Recognition, 45(9), 3114–3124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Klein, D. A., & Frintrop, S. (2011). Center-surround divergence of feature statistics for salient object detection. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV 2011), Barcelona (pp. 2214–2219). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Toet, A. (2011). Computational versus psychophysical bottom-up image saliency: A comparative evaluation study. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 33(11), 2131–2146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Judd, T., Durand, F., & Torralba, A. (2012). A benchmark of computational models of saliency to predict human fixations. MIT technical report.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Borji, A., Sihite, D. N., & Itti, L. (2013). Quantitative analysis of human-model agreement in visual saliency modeling: A comparative study. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 22(1), 55–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Li, J., Levine, M., An, X., & He, H. (2011). Saliency detection based on frequency and spatial domain analyses. In Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference (pp. 86.1–86.11). BMVA. http://dx.doi.org/10.5244/C.25.86..

  8. Borji, A., & Itti, L. (2013). State-of-the-art in visual attention modeling. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 35(1), 185–207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Itti, L., Koch, C., & Niebur, E. (1998). A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(11), 1254–1259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zhang, L., Tong, M. H., Marks, T. K., Shan, H., & Cottrell, G. W. (2008). Sun: A bayesian framework for saliency using natural statistics. Journal of Vision, 8(7), 32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Antonio Torralba, M. C., Oliva, A., & Henderson, J. (2006). Contextual guidance of eye movements and attention in real-world scenes: The role of global features on object search. Psychological Review, 113(4), 766–786.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Bruce, N., & Tsotsos, J. (2006). Saliency based on information maximization. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 18, 155–162.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hou, X., & Zhang, L. (2008). Dynamic visual attention: searching for coding length increments. NIPS, 5, 7.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hou, X., & Zhang, L. (2007). Saliency detection: A spectral residual approach. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2007), Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Guo, C., Ma, Q., & Zhang, L. (2008). Spatio-temporal saliency detection using phase spectrum of quaternion fourier transform. In IEEE conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2008), Anchorage (pp. 1–8). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Schauerte, B., & Stiefelhagen, R. (2012). Predicting human gaze using quaternion DCT image signature saliency and face detection. In Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Workshop on the Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)/IEEE Winter Vision Meetings, Breckenridge, Jan 2012 (pp. 9–11).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Li, J., Levine, M. D., An, X., Xu, X., & He, H. (2013). Visual saliency based on scale-space analysis in the frequency domain. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 35(4), 996–1010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Achanta, R., Hemami, S., Estrada, F., & Susstrunk, S. (2009). Frequency-tuned salient region detection. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2009), Miami (pp. 1597–1604). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Garcia-Diaz, A., Leborán, V., Fdez-Vidal, X. R., & Pardo, X. M. (2012). On the relationship between optical variability, visual saliency, and eye fixations: A computational approach. Journal of Vision, 12(6), 17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Howell, D. (2012). Statistical Methods for Psychology. Belmont: Cengage Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Riche, N., Duvinage, M., Mancas, M., Gosselin, B., & Dutoit, T. (2013). A study of parameters affecting visual saliency assessment. arXiv preprint arXiv:1307.5691.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rahtu, E., Kannala, J., Salo, M., & Heikkilä, J. (2010). Segmenting salient objects from images and videos. In Computer Vision–ECCV 2010, Heraklion (pp. 366–379). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Xie, Y., Lu, H., & Yang, M.-H. (2013). Bayesian saliency via low and mid level cues. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 22(5), 1689–1698.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Fang, Y., Lin, W., Lee, B.-S., Lau, C.-T., Chen, Z., & Lin, C.-W. (2012). Bottom-up saliency detection model based on human visual sensitivity and amplitude spectrum. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 14(1), 187–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Fang, Y., Chen, Z., Lin, W., & Lin, C.-W. (2012). Saliency detection in the compressed domain for adaptive image retargeting. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 21(9), 3888–3901.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Xie, Y., & Lu, H. (2011). Visual saliency detection based on bayesian model. In 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2011), Brussels (pp. 645–648). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Margolin, R., Zelnik-Manor, L., & Tal, A. (2013). Saliency for image manipulation. The Visual Computer, 29(5), 381–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Imamoglu, N., Lin, W., & Fang, Y. (2013). A saliency detection model using low-level features based on wavelet transform. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 15(1), 96–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Peters, R. J., Iyer, A., Itti, L., & Koch, C. (2005). Components of bottom-up gaze allocation in natural images. Vision Research, 45(18), 2397–2416.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Li, Y., Hou, X., Koch, C., Rehg, J. M., & Yuille, A. L. (2014). The secrets of salient object segmentation. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2014), Columbus (pp. 280–287). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicolas Riche .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Riche, N. (2016). Study of Parameters Affecting Visual Saliency Assessment. In: Mancas, M., Ferrera, V., Riche, N., Taylor, J. (eds) From Human Attention to Computational Attention. Springer Series in Cognitive and Neural Systems, vol 10. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3435-5_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics