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Nutritional Deficiencies and Impairment of Fertility in Athletes

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Exercise and Human Reproduction

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Abstract

Optimal nutrition has been widely demonstrated to be a key determinant in an athlete’s peak performance. Quantitatively sufficient intake of energy and nutrients that meet the individual’s needs will not only improve athletic performance but also modulate the way in which the human body and its metabolic functions adapt to the stress of exercise. Meanwhile, fertility is a state of complex intercommunication and balance between different neural and endocrine tissues, which is continuously modulated by changes in the environmental, metabolic, and psychological contexts of individuals. So, can an athlete’s fertility be negatively influenced by an overall energy crisis? Could low energy intake or increased exercise-dependent energy expenditure be related to aberrations in fertility, or are they both? And finally, what are the most recent evidences to link a specific nutritional deficiency, such as low intake of antioxidants, with worsening reproductive capacity in physically active subjects? This chapter will attempt to answer these questions by describing various situations in which diet–exercise interactions are capable of triggering infertility. The possible mechanisms involved in the neuroendocrine disruption related to low energy availability will also be analyzed. In addition, we will examine the relationship between dietary antioxidant nutrients, oxidative stress occurrence, and fertility disturbances in athletes.

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Abbreviations

FFQ:

Food frequency questionnaire

FSH:

Follicle-stimulating hormone

GnRH:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

HPG:

Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal

LEA:

Low energy availability

LH:

Luteinizing hormone

NPY:

Neuropeptide Y

KISS:

Kisspeptin

RAA:

Reduced antioxidant availability

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sport and Clinical Nutrition, Nutrition Group, Nutrir Medical Nutrition and Exercise Clinic, Andalusian Society of Sports Medicine (S.A.M.E.D.E.), Avenida Aeropuerto 28 Local, 14004, Cordoba, Spain

    Juan Marcelo Fernández MSc PhD

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  1. Juan Marcelo Fernández MSc PhD
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Correspondence to Juan Marcelo Fernández MSc PhD .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Cordoba Department of Morphological Sciences, Cordoba, Spain

    Diana Vaamonde

  2. Division of Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University , Tygerberg, South Africa

    Stefan S du Plessis

  3. Cleveland Clinic Foundation, American Centre for Reproductive Medicin Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Ashok Agarwal

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Fernández, J. (2016). Nutritional Deficiencies and Impairment of Fertility in Athletes. In: Vaamonde, D., du Plessis, S., Agarwal, A. (eds) Exercise and Human Reproduction. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3402-7_19

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