Abstract
The biocompatibility of carbon has long been appreciated: ancient man, for example, knew that pulverized charcoal could be placed under the skin without any apparent ill effects (Benson, 1969). The charcoal particles visibly remained indefinitely and thus allowed ancient man the means to decorate himself permanently with tattoos. However, it was not until the mid-1960s that carbon was first considered for use as a structural material in implantable prosthetic devices. During this period, a specific, imperfectly crystalline, man-made, pyrolytic form of carbon was found to be well suited for application in prosthetic heart valves. Because of the outstanding clinical success of pyrolytic carbon in long-term structural components of heart valve prostheses, carbons have assumed a prominent position in our repertoire of biomaterials and have sparked investigation of other forms of carbons for possible in vivo use. A number of these forms are listed in Table 11.1. This chapter will be devoted to a discussion of the background and historical uses of carbons in medical devices along with suggestions for future research.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bejui, J. and Drouin, G. (1988). Carbon Fiber Ligaments. In CRC Critical Reviews in Biocompatibility, 4(2), 79–108.
Benson, J. (1969). Pre-Survey on the Biomedical Applications of Carbon, North American Rockwell Corporation Report R-7855.
Bokros, J.C. (1969). Deposition, Structure, and Properties of Pyrolytic Carbon. In Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, Vol. 5 (Walker, P.L., ed.). Dekker, New York, pp. 1–118.
Bokros, J.C. LaGrange, L.D. and Schoen, F.J. (1972). Control of Structure of Carbon For Use in Bioengineering. In Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, Vol. 9 (Walker, P.L., ed.). Dekker, New York, 103–171.
Bokros, J.C., Akins, R.J., Shim, H.S., Haubold, A.D. and Agarwal, N.K. (1975). Carbon in Prosthetic Devices. In Petroleum Derived Carbons (Deviney, M.L., and O’Grady, T.M., eds). American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 237–265.
Bunshah, R.F. (ed.) (1982). Deposition Technologies for Films and Coatings., Noyes Publications, Park Ridge.
Chen, Lan-Tian (1986). Carbon-Titanium Combined Joints. In Chinese Journal of Biomedical Engineering 3, 55–61.
Ely, J., Haubold, A., Bokros, J. and Emken, M. (1994), New Unalloyed Pyrolytic Carbon with Improved Properties for Implant Applications, XXI Congress European Society for Artificial Organs, Oct. 20–22, Barcelona Spain. Also US Patent 5 514 410.
Emken, M., Bokros, J., Accuntis, J. and Wilde, D., (1993) Precise Control of Pyrolytic Carbon coating, Extended Abstracts & Program Proceedings of the 21st Biennial Conference on Carbon, Buffalo New York, June 13–18, pp. 531–532. Also US Patent 5 284 676.
Haubold, A.D., Shim, H.S., and Bokros, J.C. (1979). Carbon Cardiovascular Devices. In Assisted Circulation (Unger, F., ed.) Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 520–532.
Haubold, A.D. (1977). Carbon in Prosthetics. In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 283, The Behavior of blood and its Components at Interfaces, (Vroman, L. and Leonard E.F., eds). New York Academy of Sciences, New York.
Haubold, A.D., Shim, H.S., and Bokros, J.C. (1981). Carbon in Medical Devices. In Biocompatibility of Clinical Implant Materials, Vol II (Williams, D.F., ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 3–42.
Haubold, A.D., Yapp, R.A., and Bokros, J.C. (1986). Carbons for Biomedical Applications. in Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering (Bever, M.B., ed.) Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, Toronto, Sydney, Frankfurt, pp. 514–520.
Jenkins, G.M. and Kawamura, K. (1976). Polymeric Carbons - Carbon Fibre, Glass and Char. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. London, New York, Melbourne.
Lewis, J.C. and Redfern, B., and Cowland, F.B. (1963). Vitreous Carbons as Crucible Materials for Semiconductors. In Solid State Electronics, 6, 251.
Maissel, L.I. and Giang, R. (1970). Handbook of Thin Film Technology, McGrawHill, New York.
May, P.W. (1995), CVD Diamond - a new Technology for the Future?, Endeavor Magazine 19(3), 101–106.
Pauling, L. (1964), College Chemistry, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco.
Pierson, H.O. (1993) Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamond and Fullerenes, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey.
Sittig, M. (1980). Carbon and Graphite Fibers. Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge. Mechanical Behavior of Diamond and Other Forms of Carbon, Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, Vol. 383, ed. Dory M.D. et al., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1995.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Haubold, A.D., More, R.B., Bokros, J.C. (2016). Chapter 11 Carbons. In: Murphy, W., Black, J., Hastings, G. (eds) Handbook of Biomaterial Properties. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3305-1_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3305-1_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3303-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3305-1
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)