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Skeletal Tissue Mechanics pp 275–354Cite as

Mechanical Adaptability of the Skeleton

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Abstract

Bone is exquisitely sensitive to its mechanical environment. The mechanisms by which this occurs from the biochemical to the organ level are explored in this chapter. Various models used to explain mechanical adaptation are also described. Cartilage is less adaptive, but several models have been proposed to explain how cartilage develops and adapts to loads.

Every change in the form and function of … bone[s] or of their function alone is followed by certain definite changes in their internal architecture, and equally definite secondary alterations in their external conformation, in accordance with mathematical laws. J. Wolff as quoted by Keith (1918).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Some sources have placed this encounter at a scientific meeting, and others have said the femur was actually a metatarsal.

  2. 2.

    This book has been translated into English by Maquet and Furlong. They translated the German word “transformation” as “remodeling,” although Wolff was speaking about growth and what we now term modeling.

  3. 3.

    Deer antlers are made of bone. Cow horns, on the other hand, are keratinous tissue, as are fingernails.

  4. 4.

    A group of three gauges oriented at 45° to one another.

  5. 5.

    This is not universally true, however. An example would be in the palatomaxillary segment of some lizards, where tensile strains exceed compressive strains (Smith and Hylander 1985).

  6. 6.

    The cited reference is a compendium of Pauwels’ research papers. The actual work discussed here was published in the 1960s.

  7. 7.

    All stress states have three independent measures of their magnitude: two of these are the hydrostatic or dilatational component, which produces a volume change but does not distort, and a shearing component, which distorts shape. The third magnitude measure doesn’t have a simple mechanical interpretation and hasn’t been used to develop theories of cartilage development. There are also three principal directions associated with stresses, but these also are not used in most cartilage theories.

  8. 8.

    This problem is adapted from an example given in Weinans et al. (1992).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Olga, WA, USA

    R. Bruce Martin

  2. Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    David B. Burr

  3. Kinesiology, Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Neil A. Sharkey

  4. Orthopaedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA

    David P. Fyhrie

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Martin, R.B., Burr, D.B., Sharkey, N.A., Fyhrie, D.P. (2015). Mechanical Adaptability of the Skeleton. In: Skeletal Tissue Mechanics. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3002-9_6

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