Abstract
Subjective loudness measurements are used to create equal-loudness contours and auditory weighting functions for human noise-mitigation criteria; however, comparable direct measurements of subjective loudness with animal subjects are difficult to conduct. In this study, simple reaction time to pure tones was measured as a proxy for subjective loudness in a Tursiops truncatus and Zalophus californianus. Contours fit to equal reaction-time curves were then used to estimate the shapes of auditory weighting functions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (1996) Determination of occupational noise exposure and estimation of noise-induced hearing impairment. ANSI S3.44–1996 (R 2006), Acoustical Society of America, Melville
Finneran JJ (2003) An integrated computer-controlled system for marine mammal auditory testing. Technical document 3159, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Centger (SSC) San Diego, San Diego
Finneran JJ, Carder DA, Schlundt CE, Dear RL (2010) Growth and recovery of temporary threshold shift (TTS) at 3 kHz in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). J Acoust Soc Am 127:3256–3266
Finneran JJ, Schlundt CE (2007) Underwater sound pressure variation and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) hearing thresholds in a small pool. J Acoust Soc Am 122:606–614
Finneran JJ, Schlundt CE (2011) Subjective loudness level measurements and equal loudness contours in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). J Acoust Soc Am 130:3124–3136
Fletcher H, Munson WA (1933) Loudness, its definition, measurement and calculation. J Acoust Soc Am 5:82–108
Green S (1975) Auditory sensitivity and equal loudness in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). J Exp Anal Behav 23:255–264
Mulsow JL, Finneran JJ, Houser DS (2011) California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) aerial hearing sensitivity measured using auditory steady-state response and psychophysical methods. J Acoust Soc Am 129:2298–2306
Pfingst BE, Hienz R, Kimm J, Miller J (1975) Reaction-time procedure for measurement of hearing. I. Suprathreshold functions. J Acoust Soc Am 57:421–430
Piéron H (1952) The sensations: their functions, processes and mechanisms (trans: Pirenne MH, Abbott BC). Yale University Press, New Haven
Ridgway S, Carder D (2000) A preliminary study of loudness at frequencies of 5 to 120 kHz based on whistle response time (RT) in a dolphin. J Acoust Soc Am 108:2515
Southall BL, Bowles AE, Ellison WT, Finneran JJ, Gentry RL, Greene CR Jr, Kastak D, Ketten DR, Miller JH, Nachtigall PE, Richardson WJ, Thomas JA, Tyack PL (2007) Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquat Mamm 33:411–521
Stebbins WC (1966) Auditory reaction time and the derivation of equal loudness contours for the monkey. J Exp Anal Behav 9:135–142
Suzuki Y, Takeshima H (2004) Equal-loudness-level contours for pure tones. J Acoust Soc Am 116:918–933
Acknowledgments
We thank the staff at the US Navy Marine Mammal Program in San Diego, CA, for animal care and training and the US Navy Living Marine Resources Program for funding. This work was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Biosciences Division, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this paper
Cite this paper
Finneran, J.J., Mulsow, J., Schlundt, C.E. (2016). Using Reaction Time and Equal Latency Contours to Derive Auditory Weighting Functions in Sea Lions and Dolphins. In: Popper, A., Hawkins, A. (eds) The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 875. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_33
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2980-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2981-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)