Abstract
The underwater sound produced during construction of the Port of Rotterdam harbor extension (Maasvlakte 2) was measured, with emphasis on the contribution of the trailing suction hopper dredgers during their various activities: dredging, transport, and discharge of sediment. Measured source levels of the dredgers, estimated source levels of other shipping, and time-dependent position data from a vessel-tracking system were used as input for a propagation model to generate dynamic sound maps. Various scenarios were studied to assess the risk of possible effects of the sound from dredging activities on marine fauna, specifically on porpoises, seals, and fish.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ainslie MA (2010) Principles of sonar performance modeling. In: Geophysical sciences series. Springer Praxis Books, Chichester
Ainslie MA, de Jong CAF, Janmaat J, Heemskerk HJM (2012) Dredger noise during Maasvlakte 2 construction: noise maps and risk assessment. Report TNO 2012 R10818, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague
Bolle LJ, de Jong CAF, Bierman SM, van Beek PJG, van Keeken OA, Wessels PW, van Damme CJG, Winter HV, de Haan D, Dekeling RPA (2012) Common sole larvae survive high levels of pile-driving sound in controlled exposure experiments. PLoS ONE 7:e33052. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033052
Boyd IL, Brownell R, Cato D, Clark C, Costa D, Evans P, Gedamke J, Gentry R, Gisiner R, Gordon J et al (2008) The effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals: a draft research strategy. European Marine Board Position Paper 13, Joint Marine Board-European Science Foundation and National Science Foundation Workshop, Oxford, 4–8 October 2005. Available at http://www.esf.org/fileadmin/Public_documents/Publications/MBpp13.pdf. Accessed 5 July 2013
de Jong CAF, Ainslie MA, Dreschler J, Jansen HWJ, Heemskerk HJM, Groen WHM (2010) Underwater noise of trailing suction hopper dredgers at Maasvlakte 2: analysis of source levels and background noise. Report TNO-DV 2010 C335, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague
Dreschler J, Ainslie MA, Groen WHM (2009) Measurements of underwater background noise Maasvlakte 2. Report TNO-DV 2009 C212, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague
Halvorsen MB, Casper BM, Matthews F, Carlson TJ, Popper AN (2012a) Effects of exposure to pile-driving sounds on the lake sturgeon, Nile tilapia and hogchoker. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 279:4705–4714. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1544
Halvorsen MB, Casper BM, Woodley CM, Carlson TJ, Popper AN (2012b) Threshold for onset of injury in Chinook salmon from exposure to impulsive pile driving sounds. PLoS ONE 7:e38968. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038968
Kastelein RA, Gransier R, Hoek L (2013) Comparative temporary threshold shifts in a harbor porpoise and harbor seal, and severe shift in a seal. J Acoust Soc Am 134:13–16
Kastelein RA, Gransier R, Hoek L, Macleod A, Terhune JM (2012a) Hearing threshold shifts and recovery in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) after octave-band noise exposure at 4 kHz. J Acoust Soc Am 132:2745–2761
Kastelein RA, Gransier R, Hoek L, Olthuis J (2012b) Temporary threshold shifts and recovery in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) after octave-band noise at 4 kHz. J Acoust Soc Am 132:3525–3537
Klusek Z, Lisimenka A (2007) Ambient sea noise in the Baltic Sea. Paper presented at the 2nd international conference on underwater acoustic measurements: technologies and results, Heraklion, Crete, 25–29 June 2007
Oestman R, Buehler R, Reyff J, Rodkin R (2009) Technical guidance for assessment and mitigation of the hydroacoustic effects of pile driving on fish. Prepared by ICF Jones & Stokes and Illingworth and Rodkin, Inc., for the California Department of Transportation. Available at http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/env/bio/files/Guidance_Manual_2_09.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2013
Robinson SP, Theobald PD, Hayman G, Wang LS, Lepper PA, Humphrey V, Mumford S (2011) Measurement of underwater noise arising from marine aggregate dredging operations. Marine Environment Protection Fund (MEPF) Report 09/P108, Marine Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund, Lowestoft, Suffolk. Available at http://www.cefas.defra.gov.uk/media/462859/mepf%20p108%20final%20report.pdf. Accessed 25 June 2013
Southall BL, Bowles AE, Ellison WT, Finneran JJ, Gentry RL, Greene CR Jr, Kastak D, Ketten DR, Miller JH, Nachtigall PE, Richardson WJ, Thomas JE, Tyack PL (2007) Marine mammal noise exposure criteria: initial scientific recommendations. Aquat Mamm 33:411–521
Urick RJ (1983) Principles of underwater sound, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Wales SS, Heitmeyer RM (2002) An ensemble source spectra model for merchant ship-radiated sound. J Acoust Soc Am 111:1211–1231
Weston DE (1971) Intensity-range relations in oceanographic acoustics. J Sound Vib 18:271–287
Weston DE (1976) Propagation in water with uniform sound velocity but variable-depth lossy bottom. J Sound Vib 47:473–483
WODA (2013) Technical guidance on underwater sound in relation to dredging. World Organisation of Dredging Associations, Delft. Available at http://www.dredging.org/documents/ceda/html_page/2013-06-WODA-TechnicalGuidance-UnderwaterSound_lr.pdf. Accessed 5 July 2013
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the Port of Rotterdam Authorities. We thank Tiedo Vellinga, Wil Borst, and Paul van der Zee for their contributions to and support of this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this paper
Cite this paper
de Jong, C.A.F., Ainslie, M.A., Heinis, F., Janmaat, J. (2016). Offshore Dredger Sounds: Source Levels, Sound Maps, and Risk Assessment. In: Popper, A., Hawkins, A. (eds) The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 875. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_22
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2980-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2981-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)