Abstract
Reproductive biology of legumes is examined, particularly in relation to the role of pollination in crop breeding, with emphasis on the subject of floral attributes and functions, mating system patterns, and reproductive mode. After a broad description of the floral morphology, design and display, advertisement and reward, attention is paid to some special aspects on how to manage pollination in seed stock multiplication and in hybrid breeding (F1 hybrids and populations) strategies. We provide a chapter that may serve to pioneer a new period on the use of reproductive biology knowledge in legumes by opening a broader and more ecological perspective, including an understanding of the interplay between crop and pollinator.
Reid G. Palmer is deceased.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abdel-Ghani AH, Parzies HK, Ceccarelli S et al (2003) Evaluation of floral characteristics of barley in the semi-arid climate of north Syria. Plant Breed 122:273–275
Alcorn K, Whitney H, Glover B (2012) Flower movement increases pollinator preference for flowers with better grip. Funct Ecol 26:941–947
Andersson MS, Vicente MC (2010) Gene flow between crops and their wild relatives. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Andersson GKS, Rundlöf M, Smith HG (2012) Organic farming improves pollination success in strawberries. PLoS ONE 7(2):e31599 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031599
Angioi SA, Rau D, Nanni L et al (2011) The genetic make-up of the European landraces of the common bean. Plant Genet Resour 9:197–201
Aouar-Sadli M, Louadi K, Doumandji SE (2008) Pollination of the broad bean (Vicia faba L. var. major) (Fabaceae) by wild bees and honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) and its impact on the seed production in the Tizi-Ouzou area (Algeria). Afr J Agr Res 3:266–272
Ashman TL, Majetic CJ (2006) Genetic constraints on floral evolution: a review and evaluation of patterns. Heredity 96:343–352
Asiwe JAN (2009) Insect mediated outcrossing and geneflow in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp): implication for seed production and provision of containment structures for genetically transformed cowpea. Afr J Biotech 8:226–230
Barrett SCH (1998) The evolution of mating strategies in flowering plants. Trends Plant Sci 3:335–341
Barrett SCH (2008) Major evolutionary transitions in flowering plant reproduction: an overview. Int J Plant Sci 169:1–5
Barrett SCH, Harder LD (1996) Ecology and evolution of plant mating. Trends Ecol Evol 11:73–79
Bartomeus I, Potts SG, Steffan-Dewenter BE et al (2014) Contribution of insect pollinators to crop yield and quality varies with agricultural intensification. Peer J 2:e398. doi:10.7717/peerj.328
Baudoin JP, Degreef J, Hardy O, Janart F, Zoro Bi I (1998) Development of an in situ conservation strategy for wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) populations in the central valley of Costa Rica. In: Owens SJ, Rudall PJ (eds) Reproduction biology. Royal Botanic Garden Press, Kew, pp 417–426
Baudoin JP, Rocha O, Degreef J et al (2004) Ecogeography, demography, diversity and conservation of Phaseolus lunatus L. in the central valley of Costa Rica. Systematic and ecogeographic studies of crop genepools 12. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome
Belaïd Y, Chtourou-Ghorbel N, Marrakchi M (2006) Genetic diversity within and between populations of Lathyrus genus (Fabaceae) revealed by ISSR markers. Genet Resour Crop Evol 53:1413–1418
Ben Brahim N, Combes D, Marrakchi M (2001) Autogamy and allogamy in genus Lathyrus. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newsl 2:21–26
Benachour K, Louadi K, Terzo M (2007) Role of wild and honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in the pollination of Vicia faba L. var. major (Fabaceae) in constantine area (Algeria). Ann Soc Entomol Fr 43:213–219
Blaauw BR, Isaacs R (2014) Flower plantings increase wild bee abundance and the pollination services provided to a pollination-dependent crop. J Appl Ecol 51:890–898
Bliss FA (1980) Common bean. In: Fehr WR, Hadley HH (eds) Hybridization of crop plants. American Society of Agronomy. Crop Science Society of America, Madison, pp 273–284
Bond DA, Kirby EJM (1999) Anthophora plumipes (hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) as a pollinator of broad bean (Vicia faba major). J Apicult Res 38:199–203
Bond DA, Kirby EJM (2001) Further observations of Anthophora plumipes visiting autumn-sown broad bean (Vicia faba major) in the United Kingdom. J Apicult Res 40:113–114
Bond DA, Poulsen MH (1983) Pollination. In: Hebblethwaite PD (ed) The faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Butterworths, London, pp 77–101
Bouwman AJ (1992) Maintenance breeding and multiplication of pea and faba bean cultivars. Maintenance of protein peas (Pisum sativum) and field beans (Vicia faba). Euphytica 61:213–215
Brandenburg A, Dell’Olivo A, Bshary R et al (2009) The sweetest thing: advances in nectar research. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:486–490
Brown AHD, Grant JE, Pullen R (1986) Outcrossing and paternity in Glycine argyrea by paired fruit analysis. Biol J Linn Soc 29:283–294
Burkle LA, Marlin JC, Knight TM (2013) Plant–pollinator interactions over 120 years: loss of species, co-occurrence, and function. Science 339:1611–1615
Ceccarelli S (1978) Single-gene inheritance of anther extrusion in barley. J Hered 69:210–211
Charlesworth D (2006) Evolution of plant breeding systems. Curr Biol 16(17):726–735
Chaturvedi SK, Gupta DS, Jain R (2011) Biology of food legumes. In: Pratap A, Kumar J (eds) Biology and breeding of food legumes. CABI, Oxford, pp 35–48
Chiari WC, de Toledo VDA, Ruvolo-Takasusuki MCC et al (2005a) Floral biology and behavior of Africanized honeybees Apis mellifera in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). Braz Arch Biol Techn 48:367–378
Chiari WC, de Toledo VDA, Ruvolo-Takasusuki MCC et al (2005b) Pollination of soybean by honeybees. Braz Arch Biol Techn 45:31–36
Chowdhury MA, Slinkard AE (1997) Natural outcrossing in grass pea. J Hered 88:154–156
Christmann S, Aw-Hassan AA (2012) Farming with alternative pollinators (FAP)—an overlooked win-win-strategy for climate change adaptation. Agr Ecosyst Environ 161:161–164
Çildir H, Kahraman A, Doğan M (2012) Petal and sepal epidermal micromorphology of six Lathyrus Taxa (Fabaceae) and their systematic value. Not Bot Hort Agr 40:35–41
Clements JC, Sweetingham MS, Smith L et al (2008) Crop improvement in Lupinus mutabilis for Australian agriculture—progress and prospects. In: Palta JA, Berger JB (eds) Lupins for health and wealth, Proceedings 12th international lupin conference, 14–18 September 2008, Fremantle, Australia. International Lupin Association, Canterbury
Cober ER, Cianzio SR, Pantalone VR et al (2010) Soybean. In Vollmann J, Rajcan I (eds.) Oil crops, handbook of plant breeding 4. Springer, NewYork
Cousin R (1997) Peas (Pisum sativum L.). Field Crop Res 3:111–130
Cunningham SA, Le Feuvre D (2013) Significant yield benefits from honeybee pollination of faba bean (Vicia faba) assessed at field scale. Field Crops Res 149:269–275
Currie WE, Jay SC, Wright D (1990) The effects of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and leafcutter bees (Megachile rotundata F.) on outcrossing between different cultivars of beans (Vicia faba L.) in caged plots. J Apicult Res 29:68–74
Davis AR (2001) Searching and breeding for structural features of flowers correlated with high nectar-carbohydrate production. Acta Hort 561:107–121
Davis AR, Gunning BES (1992) The modified stomata of the floral nectar of Vicia faba L.1. Development, anatomy and ultrastructure. Protoplasma 166:134–152
Davis AR, Peterson RL, Shuel RW (1988) Vasculature and ultrastructure of the floral and stipular nectaries of Vicia faba (Leguminosae). Can J Bot 66:1435–1448
De O Milfont M, Rocha EEM, Lima AON et al (2013) Higher soybean production using honeybee and wild pollinators, a sustainable alternative to pesticides and autopollination. Environ Chem Lett 11:335–341
Debouck DG, Smartt J (1995) Beans, Phaseolus spp. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) Evolution of crop plants. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, pp 287–294
Delaplane KS, Mayer DF (2000) Crop pollination by bees. CABI International, Wallingford
Delgado-Salinas A, Thulin M, Pasquet R et al (2011) Vigna (Leguminosae) sensu lato: the names and identities of the American segregate genera. Am J Bot 98:1694–1715
Dracup M, Thomson B (2000) Restricted branching narrow-leafed lupin 2. Cross-pollination. Aust J Agr Res 51:1011–1015
Erskine W, Muehlbauer FJ (1991) Allozyme and morphological variability, outcrossing rate and core collection formation in lentil germplasm. Theor Appl Gen 83:119–122
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). (2008) A contribution to the international initiative for the conservation and sustainable use of pollinators: rapid assessment of pollinator’s status. Conference of the parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Rome, Italy
Faria JC, Carneiro GE, Aragão FJ (2010) Gene flow from transgenic common beans expressing the bar gene. GM Crops 1:94–98
Farré-Armengol G, Filella I, Llusia J et al (2013) Floral volatile organic compounds: between attraction and deterrence of visitors under global change. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 15:56–67
Fatokun CA, Ng Q (2007) Outcrossing in cowpea. J Food Agr Environ 5:334–338
Ferreira JJ, Alvarez E, Fueyo MA et al (2000) Determination of the outcrossing rate of Phaseolus vulgaris L. using seed protein markers. Euphytica 13:259–263
Ferreira JL, de Souza Carneiro JE, Teixeira AL et al (2007) Gene flow in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Euphytica 153:165–170
Fishman L, Willis JH (2008) Pollen limitation and natural selection on floral characters in the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus. New Phytol 177:802–810
Fu D, Xiao M, Hayward A et al (2014) Utilization of crop heterosis: a review. Euphytica 197:161–173
Fujita RM, Ohara M, Okazaki K et al (1997) The extent of natural cross-pollination in wild soybean (Glycine soja). J Hered 88:124–128
Garibaldi LA, Steffan-Dewenter I, Winfree R et al (2013) Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339:1608–1611
Gasim S, Abel S, Link W (2004) Extent, variation and breeding impact of natural cross-fertilization in German winter faba beans using hilum colour as marker. Euphytica 136:193–200
Giurfa M, Dafni A, Neal PR (1999) Floral symmetry and its role in plant-pollinator systems. Int J Plant Sci 160 (6 Suppl.):S41–S50
Greenleaf SS, Kremen C (2006) Wild bees enhance honey bees pollination of hybrid sunflower. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:13890–13895
Gutiérrez-Marcos JF, Vaqueroa F, Sáenz de Miera LE et al (2006) High genetic diversity in a world-wide collection of Lathyrus sativus L. revealed by isozymatic analysis. Plant Genet Resour 4:159–171
Hamblin J, Barton J, Sanders M et al (2005) Factors affecting the potential for gene flow from transgenic crops of Lupinus angustifolius L. in Western Australia. Austral J Agr Res 56:613–618
Harder LD (1985) Morphology as a predictor of flower choice by bumble bees. Ecology 66:198–210
Hardy O, Dubois S, Zoro Bi I et al (1997) Gene dispersal and its consequences on the genetic structure of wild populations of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) in Costa Rica. Plant Genet Resour Newsl 109:1–6
Heil M (2004) Induction of two indirect defenses benefits lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus, Fabaceae) in nature. J Ecol 92:527–536
Heil M, Koch T, Hilpert A et al (2001) Extrafloral nectar production of the ant-associated plant, Macaranga tanarius, is an induced, indirect, defensive response elicited by jasmonic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:1083–1088
Hernández-Cumplido J, Benrey B, Heil M (2010) Attraction of flower visitors to plants that express indirect defense can minimize ecological costs of ant–pollinator conflicts. J Trop Ecol 26:555–557
Hill GD (1995) Lupins. In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) Evolution of crop plants, 2nd edn. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, pp 277–282
Hillocks RJ, Maruthi MN (2012) Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus): is there a case for further crop improvement? Euphytica 186:647–654
Horneburg B (2006) Outcrossing in lentil (Lens culinaris) depends on cultivar, location and year, and varies within cultivars. Plant Breed 125:638–640
Ibarra-Perez FJ, Ehdaie B, Waines JG (1997) Estimation of outcrossing rate in common bean. Crop Sci 37:60–65
Ibarra-Perez FJ, Barnhart D, Ehdaie B et al (1999) Effects of insect tripping on seed yield of common bean. Crop Sci 39:428–433
IPBES (Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) (2013) Report of the second session of the plenary of the intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services. United Nations Environment Program, Antalya
Kalisz S, Ree RH, Sargent RD (2006) Linking floral symmetry genes to breeding system evolution. Trends Plant Sci 11:568–573
Kasina M, Hagen M, Kraemer M et al (2009a) Bee pollination enhances crop yield and fruit quality in Kakamega, western Kenya. E Afr Agric For J 75:1–11
Kasina M, Kraemer M, Martius C et al (2009b) Diversity and activity density of bees visiting crop flowers in Kakamega, Western Kenya. J Apicul Res 48:134–139
Kasina JM, Mburu J, Kraemer M et al (2009c) Economic benefit of crop pollination by bees: a case of kakamega small-holder farming in Western Kenya. J Econ Entomol 102:467–473
Kazimierska EM, Kazimierski T (2002) Biology of flowering, embryological and caryological peculiarities. In: Kurlovich (ed) Lupins: geography, classification, genetic resources and breeding. OY International North Express, St. Petersburg, pp 205–239
Kearney J, Smartt J (1995) The grasspea. In: Smartt J, Simmonds NW (eds) Evolution of crop plants, 2nd edn. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, pp 266–270
Kevan PG, Lane MA (1985) Flower petal microtexture is a tactile cue for bees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:4750–4752
Kiang YT, Chiang YC, Kaizuma N (1992) Genetic diversity in natural populations of wild soybean in Iwate prefecture, Japan. J Hered 83:325–329
Kingha BMT, Fohouo FNT, Ngakou A et al (2012) Foraging and pollination activities of Xylocopa olivacea (Hymenoptera, Apidae) on Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) flowers at dang (Ngaoundere-Cameroon). J Agr Ext Rural Dev 4:330–339
Kobayashi K, Horisaki A, Niikura S et al (2009) Floral morphology affects seed productivity through pollination efficiency in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Euphytica 168:263–274
Kobayashi K, Tsukamoto S, Tanaka A et al (2010) Selective flower visitation behavior by pollinators in a radish F1 seed production field. Breed Sci 60:203–211
Koltowski Z (2004) Flowering biology, nectar secretion and insect foraging of the runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). J Apicul Sci 48:53–60
Köpke U, Nemecek T (2010) Ecological services of faba bean. Field Crops Res 115:217–233
Kouam EB, Pasquet RS, Campagne P et al (2012) Genetic structure and mating system of wild cowpea populations in West Africa. BMC Plant Biol 12:113
Lavin M, Delgado A (1990) Pollen brush of Papilionoideae (Leguminosae): morphological variation and systematic utility. Amere J Bot 77:1294–1312
Lewers KS, Palmer RG (1997) Recurrent selection in soybean. Plant Breed Rev 16:275–313
Link W (1990) Autofertility and rate of cross-fertilization: crucial characters for breeding synthetic varieties in faba (Vicia faba L.). Theor Appl Genet 79:713–717
Link W, Ederer W, Metz P et al (1994) Genotypic and environmental variation for degree of cross-fertilization in faba bean. Crop Sci 34:960–964
Lioi L, Sparvoli F, Sonnante G et al (2011) Characterization of Italian grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) germplasm using agronomic traits, biochemical and molecular markers. Genet Resour Crop Evol 58:425–437
Lloyd DG, Schoen DJ (1992) Self-fertilization and cross-fertilization in plants.1. Functional dimensions. Intl J Plant Sci 153:358–369
Marinho CR, Souza CD, Barros TC et al (2014) Scent glands in legume flowers. Plant Biol 16:215–226
Martínez-Castillo J, Zizumbo-Villarreal D, Gepts P et al (2007) Gene flow and genetic structure in the wild–weedy–domesticated complex of Phaseolus lunatus L. in its mesoamerican center of domestication and diversity. Crop Sci 47:58–66
Mayer C, Adler L, Armbruster W et al (2011) Pollination ecology in the 21st century: key questions for future research. J Poll Ecol 3:8–23
Mitchell RJ (2004) Heritability of nectar traits: why do we know so little. Ecol 85:1527–1533
Mondor EB, Addicott JF (2003) Conspicuous extra-floral nectaries are inducible in Vicia faba. Ecol Lett 6:495–497
Mondor EB, Tremblay MN, Messing RH (2006) Extrafloral nectary phenotypic plasticity is damage and resource dependent in Vicia faba. Biol Lett 2:583–585
Morandin LA, Winston ML (2005) Wild bee abundance and seed production in conventional, organic, and genetically modified canola. Ecol Appl 15:871–881
Nandety A (2010) Recurrent Selection for increased outcrossing rates of barley from semi-arid regions of Syria and Jordan. University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim
Narbona E, Dirzo R (2010) A reassessment of the function of floral nectar in Croton suberosus (Euphorbiaceae): a reward for plant defenders and pollinators. Am J Bot 97:672–679
Nayak GK, Roberts SPM, Garratt M et al (2015) Interactive effect of floral abundance and semi-natural habitats on pollinators in field beans (Vicia faba). Agr Ecosyst Environ 199:58–66
Neal PR, Anderson GJ (2005) Are ‘mating systems’ ‘breeding systems’ of inconsistent and confusing terminology in plant reproductive biology? Or is it the other way around? Plant Syst Evol 250:173–185
Nepi M, Soligo C, Nocentini D et al (2012) Amino acids and protein profile in floral nectar: much more than a simple reward. Flora 207:475–481
Ojeda I, Francisco-Ortega J, Cronk QCB (2009) Evolution of petal epidermal micromorphology in Leguminosae and its use as a marker of petal identity. Ann Bot 104:1099–1110
Ortiz-Perez E, Wiley H, Horner HT (2008) Insect-mediated cross-pollination in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]: II. Phenotypic recurrent selection. Euphytica 162:269–280
Özbek H (2013) New data on large Carpenter-bees of Turkey with considerations about their importance as pollinators. J Entomol Res Soc 15:79–89
Pacini E, Nepi M, Vesprini JL (2003) Nectar biodiversity: a short review. Plant Syst Evol 238:7–21
Palmer RG, Matson AL, Knap HT (2004) Registration of an apetalous male-sterile genetic stock (T368) of soybean. Crop Sci 44:2282–2283
Palmer RG, Perez P, Ortiz-Perez E et al (2009) The role of crop-pollinator relationships in breeding for pollinator-friendly legumes: from a breeding perspective. Euphytica 170:35–52
Palmer RG, Gai J, Dalvi VA et al (2011) Male sterility and hybrid production technology. In: Pratap A, Kumar J (eds) Biology and breeding of food legumes. CABI International, Oxford, pp 193–207
Palmer RG, Horner H-T, Suso MJ et al (2012) Soybean heterosis: the first steps. International conference on utilization of heterosis in crops abstracts, Xi´an, China
Pando JB, Fohouo FNT, Tamesse JL (2011) Foraging and pollination behaviour of Xylocopa calens Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on Phaseolus coccineus L. (Fabaceae) flowers at Yaounde (Cameroon). Entomol Res 41:185–193
Pappas AL, Koziel JA, Healy RA et al (2012) Floral and aromatic analyses of the soybean perennial Glycine syndetika for future agronomic exploitation. Paper presented at XXII International Congress on Sexual Plant Reproduction. Melbourne, Australia 1 13–17 February 2012, p 21
Park S, Michaels T, Myers J et al (1996) Outcrossing rates of common bean grown in Ontario and Idaho. Annu Rept Bean Improv Coop 39:90–91
Pierre J, Le Guen J, Delegue MHP et al (1996) Comparative study of nectar secretion and attractivity to bees of two lines of spring-type faba bean (Vicia faba L. var equina Steudel). Apidologie 27:65–75
Pierre J, Suso MJ, Moreno MT et al (1999) Diversite et efficacite de l’entomofaune pollinisatrice (Hymenoptera: Apidae) de la feverole (Vicia faba L.) sur deux sites, en France et en Espagne. Ann Soc Entomol Fr(NS) 35(suppl.):312–318
Polowic PL, Vandenberg A, Mahon JD (2002) Field assessment of outcrossing from transgenic pea (Pisum Sativum L.) plants. Transgenic Res 11:515–529
Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Bommarco R et al (2011) Developing European conservation and mitigation tools for pollination services: approaches of the STEP (Status and Trends of European Pollinators) project. J Apicult Res 50:152–164
Power EF, Stout JC (2011) Organic dairy farming: impacts on insect–flower interaction networks and pollination. J Appl Ecol 48:561–569
Prenner G (2013) Papilionoid inflorescences revisited (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae). Ann Bot 112:1567–1576
Pundir RPS, Reddy GV (1998) Two new traits—open flower and small leaf in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Euphytica 102:357–361
Rahman MM, Kumar J, Rahman MA (1995) Natural outcrossing in Lathyrus sativus L. Indian J Genet 13:204–207
Rahman MA, Rahman MM, Sarkar MA (2001) Progress in isolation and purification of Lathyrus sativus breeding lines. Lathyrus Lathyrism Newsl 2:39–40
Ray JD, Kilen TC, Abel CA et al (2003) Soybean natural cross-pollination rates under field conditions. Environ Biosafety Res 2:133–138
Richards AJ (2001) Does low biodiversity resulting from modern agricultural practice affect crop pollination and yield? Ann Bot 88:165–172
Richards MF, Luckett DJ, Cowley RB et al (2008) Controlling bitter-seed contamination in the NSW Lupinus albus industry. In: Palta JA, Berger JB (eds) Proceedings of the 12th International Lupin Conference, ‘Lupins for Health and Wealth’ Proceedings of the 12th International Lupin Conference, 14–18 September 2008, Fremantle, Australia. International Lupin Association, Canterbury, pp 275–278
Rick CM (1988) Evolution of mating systems in cultivated plants. In: Gottlieb LD, Jain S (eds) Plant evolutionary biology. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 133–147
Ritland K (1990) A series of FORTRAN computer programs for estimating plant mating systems. J Hered 81:235–237
Ritland K (2002) Extensions of models for the estimation of mating systems using n independent loci. Heredity 88:221–228
Roumet P, Magnier I (1993) Estimation of hybrid seed production and efficient pollen flow using insect pollination of male sterile soybeans in caged plots. Euphytica 70:61–67
Rubio J., Fernandez-Romero MD, Millán T et al (2010) Outcrossing rate and genetic structure on an open-flowering population of Cicer arietinum based on microsatellite markers. In: Legumes for global health legume crops and products for food, feed and environmental benefits. 5th International Food Legumes Research Conference (IFLRC V) & 7th European Conference on Grain Legumes (AEP VII). Book of Abstracts, April 26–30, 2010, Antalya, Turkey, p 220
Saxena KB, Kumar RV, Tikle AN et al (2013) ICPH 2671– the world’s first commercial food legume hybrid. Plant Breed 132:479–485
Schoen DJ, Brown HD (1991) Whole- and part-flower self-pollination in Glycine clandestina and G. argyrea and the evolution of autogamy. Evolution 45:1651–1664
Sexton R, Stopford AP, Moodie WT et al (2005) Aroma production from cut sweet pea flowers (Lathyrus odoratus): the role of ethylene. Physiol Plant 124:381–389
Shaw DV, Kahler AL, Allard RW (1981) A multilocus estimator of mating system parameters in plant populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:1298–1302
Shiferaw E, Pe ME, Porceddu E et al (2012) Exploring the genetic diversity of Ethiopian grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) using EST-SSR markers. Mol Breed 30:789–797
Sorajjapinun W, Srinives P (2011) Chasmogamous mutant, a novel character enabling commercial hybrid seed production in mungbean. Euphytica 181:217–222
Srinivasan S, Gaur PM (2012) Genetics and characterization of an open flower mutant in chickpea. J Hered 103:297–302
Street K., Ismail A., Rukhkyan N (2008) Regeneration guidelines: faba bean. In: Dulloo ME, Thormann I et al (eds) Crop specific regeneration guidelines [CD-ROM]. CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resource Programme, Rome
Suso MJ, Moreno MT (1999) Variation in outcrossing rate and genetic structure on six culitvars of Vicia faba L. as affected by geographic location and year. Plant Breed 118:347–350
Suso MJ, Maalouf F (2010) Direct and correlated responses to upward and downward selection for outcrossing in Vicia faba. Field Crop Res 116:116–126
Suso MJ, Río R (2014) Faba bean gene-pools development for low-input agriculture: understanding early stages of natural selection. Euphytica 196:77–93
Suso MJ, Río R (2015) A crop-pollinator inter-play approach to assessing seed production patterns in faba bean under two pollination environments. Euphytica 201:231–251
Suso MJ, Pierre J, Moreno M.T et al (2001) Variation in outcrossing levels in faba bean cultivars: role of ecological factors. J Agr Sci 136:399–405
Suso MJ, Harder LD, Moreno MT et al (2005) New strategies for increasing heterozygosity in crops: vicia faba mating system as a study case. Euphytica 143:51–65
Suso MJ, Gilsanz S, Duc G et al (2006) Germplasm management of faba bean (Vicia faba L.): monitoring intercrossing between accessions with inter-plot barriers. Genet Resour Crop Evol 53:1427–1439
Suso MJ, Hunady I, Solis I et al (2008a) Germplasm management of Vicia faba L.: comparative study of the mating system of local and common cultivars growing under different agro-ecological conditions. Plant Genet Resour Newsl 155:46–51
Suso MJ, Nadal S, Roman B et al (2008b) Vicia faba germplasm multiplication—floral traits associated with pollen-mediated gene flow under diverse between-plot isolation strategies. Ann Appl Biol 152:201–208
Suso MJ, Nadal S, Palmer RG (2010) Potential power of the plant-pollinator relationship as a tool to enhance both environmental and production services of grain legumes in the context of low-input agriculture: what do we know? In: Goldringer I, Dawson J, Rey F, Vettoretti A (eds) Breeding for resilience: a strategy for organic and low-input farming systems. Eucarpia 2nd Conference of the Organic and Low-Input Agriculture Section, Paris, 1-3 Dec, pp 23–6
Suso MJ, Vishnyakova M, Ramos A et al (2011) An international survey on state of the art of grain legume management in gene banks. J Agr Sci Tech-Iran B 1:975–981
Suso MJ, Bocci R, Chable V (2013) La diversidad, una herramienta poderosa para el desarrollo de una agricultura de bajos-insumos. Ecosistemas 22:10–15
Tayyar R, Federici CV, Waines JG (1995) Natural outcrossing in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Crop Sci 36:203–205
Teuber LR, Barnes DK, Rincker CM (1983) Effectiveness of selection for nectar volume, receptacle diameter, and seed yield characteristics in alfalfa. Crop Sci 23:283–289
Teuber LR, Rincker CM, Barnes DK (1990) Seed yield characteristics of alfalfa populations selected for receptacle diameter and nectar volume. Crop Sci 30:579–583
Toker C, Canci H, Ceylan FO (2006) Estimation of outcrossing rate in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) sown in autumn. Euphytica 151:201–205
Tucker SC (2003) Floral development in legumes. Plant Physiol 131:911–926
Vershinin AV, Allnutt TR, Knox MR et al (2003) Transposable elements reveal the impact of introgression, rather than transposition, in Pisum diversity, evolution, and domestication. Mol Biol Evol 20:2067–2075
Vogler DW, Peretz S, Stephenson AG (1999) Floral plasticity in an iteroparous plant: the interactive effects of genotype, environment, and ontogeny in Campanula rapunculoides (Campanulaceae). Am J Bot 86:482–494
Wäckers FL, van Rijn PCJ, Bruin J (eds.) (2013) Plant-provided food for carnivorous insects: a protective mutualism and its applications. Cambridge University Press, New York
Wang Z, Luo Y, Li X et al (2008) Genetic control of floral zygomorphy in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:10414–1049
Webster BD, Lynch SP, Tucker CL (1979) A morphological study of the development of reproductive structures of Phaseolus lunatus L. J. Am Soc Hortic Sci 104:240–243
Westerkamp C, Gottsberger G (2000) Diversity pays in crop pollination. Crop Sci 40:1209–1222
Westerkamp C, Weber A (1999) Keel flowers of the Polygalaceae and Fabaceae: a functional comparison. Bot J Linn Soc 129:207–221
Whitney HM, Bennett KMV, Dorling M et al (2011) Why do so many petals have conical epidermal cells? Ann Bot 108:609–616
Willmer P (2011) Pollination and floral ecology. Princeton University Press, Woodstock
Yuan YW, Byers KJRP, Bradshaw HD (2013) The genetic control of flower–pollinator specificity. Curr Opin Plant Biol 16:422–428
Zhang X, Mosjidis JA (1998) Rapid prediction of mating system of Vicia species. Crop Sci 38:872–875
Zoro Bi I, Maquet A, Baudoin JP (2005) Mating system of wild Phaseolus lunatus L. and its relationship to population size. Heredity 94:153–158
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Suso, M., Bebeli, P., Palmer, R. (2015). Reproductive Biology of Grain Legumes. In: De Ron, A. (eds) Grain Legumes. Handbook of Plant Breeding, vol 10. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2797-5_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2797-5_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2796-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2797-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)