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Organisms and Landscape Pattern

  • Chapter
Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice

Abstract

Organisms live in heterogeneous environments; they grow, reproduce, disperse, and die in landscapes that are spatially variable and temporally dynamic. Understanding the interactions of organisms with their environment is, of course, a major focus of ecology; understanding the interactions of organisms with the spatial heterogeneity in their environment is a key emphasis of landscape ecology. Much research relating organisms to landscape pattern was motivated by issues associated with and . In many landscapes worldwide, expanding human land use has caused natural habitats to decline, and remaining habitat often has been apportioned into small, isolated patches (Fig. 7.1). Landscape ecologists have mounted field studies, developed simulation models, and conducted experiments to understand and predict the consequences of habitat fragmentation for a wide variety of organisms (e.g., Debinski and Holt 2000; Fahrig 2003; Lindenmayer 2006; Collinge 2009). To maintain biodiversity (the abundance, variety, and genetic constitution of native animals and plants), ecologists also recognized the need for a landscape perspective to complement population, community, and ecosystem considerations (Franklin 1993). It is not only the local habitat amount and quality that matters for organisms, but also the composition and configuration of the surrounding landscape. John Wiens laid out many of these considerations in 1976 in a seminal review article, “Population dynamics in patchy environments,” which still makes for excellent reading. In the introduction, Wiens wrote:

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    Monica G. Turner

  2. Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland, Frostburg, MD, USA

    Robert H. Gardner

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Further Reading

Further Reading

  • Chaplin-Kramer R, O’Rourke ME, Blitzer EJ, Kremen C (2011) A meta-analysis of crop pest and natural enemy response to landscape complexity. Ecol Lett 14:922–932

  • Dormann CF, Schweiger O, Augenstein I et al (2007) Effects of landscape structure and land-use intensity on similarity of plant and animal communities. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 16:774–787

  • Fahrig L (2003) Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 34:487–515

  • Haila Y (2002) A conceptual genealogy of fragmentation research: from island biogeography to landscape ecology. Ecol Appl 12:321–334

  • Kauffman MJ, Brodie JF, Jules ES (2010) Are wolves saving Yellowstone’s aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade. Ecology 91:1742–1755

  • Knowlton JL, Graham CH (2010) Using behavioral landscape ecology to predict species’ responses to land-use and climate change. Biol Conserv 143:1342–1354

  • Kumar S, Stohlgren TJ, Chong GW (2006) Spatial heterogeneity influences native and non-native plant species richness. Ecology 87:3186–3199

  • Manel S, Schwartz MK, Luikart G, Taberlet P (2003) Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics. Trends Ecol Evol 18:189–197

  • Moorcroft PR (2012) Mechanistic approaches to understanding and predicting mammalian space use: recent advances, future directions. J Mammal 93:903–916

  • Sork VL, Waits L (2010) Contributions of landscape genetics—approaches, insights, and future potential. Mol Ecol 19:3489–3495

  • Steffan-Dewenter I, Munzenberg U, Burger C, Thies C, Tscharntke T (2002) Scale-dependent effects of landscape context on three pollinator guilds. Ecology 83:1421–1432

  • Thaker M, Vanak AT, Owen CR, Ogden MB, Niemann SM, Slotow R (2011) Minimizing predation risk in a landscape of multiple predators: effects on the spatial distribution of African ungulates. Ecology 92:398–407

  • Wiens JA (1976) Population responses to patchy environments. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 7:81–120

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Turner, M.G., Gardner, R.H. (2015). Organisms and Landscape Pattern. In: Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2794-4_7

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