Abstract
Children present unique ophthalmologic considerations and require an examination approach that corresponds to his or her level of visual and psychosocial development. Employment of age-related, patient-specific strategies may be utilized to maximize the information obtained from the clinical examination as well as make the examination both enjoyable and rewarding for the patient, family, and practitioner. This chapter will discuss the approach to the ophthalmologic examination in pediatric patients including visual assessment, motility, strabismus, and motor fusion.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Kushner BJ, Lucchese NJ, Morton GV. Grating visual acuity with Teller cards compared with Snellen visual acuity in literate patients. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(4):485–93.
Clifford CE, Haynes BM, Dobson V. Are norms based on the original Teller Acuity Cards appropriate for use with the new Teller Acuity Cards II? J AAPOS. 2005;9(5):475–9.
Mayer DL, Beiser AS, Warner AF, Pratt EM, Raye KN, Lang JM. Monocular acuity norms for the Teller Acuity Cards between ages one month and four years. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995;36(3):671–85.
Adoh TO, Woodhouse JM. The Cardiff acuity test used for measuring visual acuity development in toddlers. Vision Res. 1994;34(4):555–60.
Mackie RT, Saunders KJ, Day RE, Dutton GN, McCulloch DL. Visual acuity assessment of children with neurological impairment using grating and vanishing optotype acuity cards. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1996;74(5):483–7.
Sturm V, Cassel D, Eizenman M. Objective estimation of visual acuity with preferential looking. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(2):708–13.
Wenner Y, Heinrich SP, Beisse C, Fuchs A, Bach M. Visual evoked potential-based acuity assessment: overestimation in amblyopia. Doc Ophthalmol. 2014;128(3):191–200.
Jeon J, Oh S, Kyung S. Assessment of visual disability using visual evoked potentials. BMC Ophthalmol. 2012;12:36.
Procianoy L, Procianoy E. The accuracy of binocular fixation preference for the diagnosis of strabismic amblyopia. J AAPOS. 2010;14(3):205–10.
Laws D, Noonan CP, Ward A, Chandna A. Binocular fixation pattern and visual acuity in children with strabismic amblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2000;37(1):24–8.
Hakim OM. Association between fixation preference testing and strabismic pseudoamblyopia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2007;44(3):174–7.
Rodier DW, Mayer DL, Fulton AB. Assessment of young amblyopes: array vs. single picture acuities. Ophthalmology. 1985;92(9):1197–202.
von Noorden GK. Burian-von Noorden’s Binocular vision and ocular motility. Theory and management of strabismus. 3rd ed. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby; 1985. p. 217–20.
Thompson JT, Guyton DL. Ophthalmic prisms: measurement errors and how to minimize them. Ophthalmology. 1983;90(3):204–10.
von Noorden GK. Burian-von Noorden’s Binocular vision and ocular motility. Theory and management of strabismus. 3rd ed. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby; 1985. p. 189.
Fray KJ. Fusional amplitudes: exploring where fusion falters. Am Orthopt J. 2013;63:41–54.
Abraham NG, Srinivasan K, Thomas J. Normative data for near point of convergence, accommodation, and phoria. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(1):14–8.
Kraft SP, O’Reilly C, Quigley PL, Allan K, Eustis HS. Cyclotorsion in unilateral and bilateral superior oblique paresis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1993;30(6):361–7.
Momeni-Moghaddam H, Goss DA, Sobhani M. Accommodative response under monocular and binocular conditions as a function of phoria in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Clin Exp Optom. 2014;97(1):36–42.
Price MJ, Thompson HS, Judisch GF, Corbett JJ. Pupillary constriction to darkness. Br J Ophthalmol. 1985;69(3):205–11.
Flynn JT, Kazarian E, Barricks M. Paradoxical pupil in congenital achromatopsia. Int Ophthalmol. 1981;3(2):91–6.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pritchard, C., Ellis, G.S. (2016). Approach to Visual Acuity Assessment and Strabismus Evaluation of the Pediatric Patient. In: Traboulsi, E., Utz, V. (eds) Practical Management of Pediatric Ocular Disorders and Strabismus. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2745-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2745-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2744-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2745-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)