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Technological Advances in Surgery, Trauma and Critical Care pp 173–184Cite as

Biology of Nutrition Support and Gut Access in Critically Ill Patients

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Abstract

Immune-modulating nutrients (IMN), immune-enhancing nutrients (IEN), antioxidants and functional diet have been suggested and designed for the most critically ill patients based on numerous experimental investigations on a number of nutrients and their properties. As a result of recent research and development as well as numerous studies in the field, enteral products enriched with various combination and concentrations of several nutrients have been formulated and made available to clinicians caring for these critically ill patients. Although many investigators have demonstrated in clinical trials the effectiveness of individual formulas using these enteral products, there is still some controversy on the overall effectiveness on IMN and IEN. Large numbers of multicenter clinical trials have been focused on a few key nutrients. In this chapter we will review the biological and clinical investigation for anti-inflammatory nutrients such as n-3 fatty acid, for immune-enhancing nutrients such as glutamine and arginine. We also review leucine and whey protein which have been investigated for a long time (how long? this is vague). Leucine and whey protein have recently come to the forefront of this investigation and are being studied through clinical trials. When one is administering nutrient formula for a specific critically ill patient, we need to base this decision on the biological function of the specific nutrient, which will benefit the patient.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto City, Japan

    Norio Sato M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Department of Surgery, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Rifat Latifi M.D., F.A.C.S.

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  1. Norio Sato M.D., Ph.D.
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  2. Rifat Latifi M.D., F.A.C.S.
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Correspondence to Rifat Latifi M.D., F.A.C.S. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Rifat Latifi

  2. Department of Surgery, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Peter Rhee

  3. Department of Surgery, Professor of Surgery, Tucson, Arizona, USA

    Rainer W.G. Gruessner

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Sato, N., Latifi, R. (2015). Biology of Nutrition Support and Gut Access in Critically Ill Patients. In: Latifi, R., Rhee, P., Gruessner, R. (eds) Technological Advances in Surgery, Trauma and Critical Care. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2671-8_17

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2671-8_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2670-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2671-8

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