Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Imaging Evaluation of the Painful or Failed Shoulder Arthroplasty

  • Chapter
MRI-Arthroscopy Correlations

  • 2848 Accesses

Abstract

Managing a patient with a painful or failed shoulder arthroplasty can be a difficult diagnostic dilemma for surgeons. While multiple imaging modalities can be useful in making a diagnosis, the use of MRI is becoming more accepted with the advent of artifact-reduction protocols. These MRI protocols can minimize artifact around metal implants to allow visualization of the surrounding soft tissues. In this chapter, we will discuss the most common reasons for a painful or failed shoulder arthroplasty and outline the ways in which imaging can help. Namely, we will discuss implant loosening, periprosthetic fracture, infection, rotator cuff dysfunction, and instability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Barrett WP, Thornhill TS, Thomas WH, Gebhart EM, Sledge CB. Nonconstrained total shoulder arthroplasty in patients with polyarticular rheumatoid arthritis. J Arthroplasty. 1989;4(1):91–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Barrett WP, Franklin JL, Jackins SE, Wyss CR, Matsen FA. Total shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69(6):865–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cofield RH. Total shoulder arthroplasty with the Neer prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66(6):899–906.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Cofield RH, Edgerton BC. Total shoulder arthroplasty: complications and revision surgery. Instr Course Lect. 1990;39:449–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Matsen III FA, Rockwood CA, Wirth MA, Lippitt SB. Glenohumeral arthritis and its management. In: Rockwood Jr CA, Matsen 3rd FA, editors. The shoulder, vol. 2. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009. p. 840–964.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Hasan SS, Leith JM, Campbell B, Kapil R, Smith KL, Matsen FA. Characteristics of unsatisfactory shoulder arthroplasties. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11(5):431–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Brenner BC, Ferlic DC, Clayton ML, Dennis DA. Survivorship of unconstrained total shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71(9):1289–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bohsali KI, Wirth MA, Rockwood CA. Complications of total shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(10):2279–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kalandiak SP, Wirth MA, Rockwood CA. Complications of shoulder arthroplasty. In: Williams GR, editor. Shoulder and elbow arthroplasty. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 229–49.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Norris TR. Fracture and fracture dislocations of the glenohumeral complex. In: Chapman MW, Madison M, editors. Operative Orthopaedics. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1993. p. 405–24.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Liberson F. The value and limitation of the oblique view as compared with the ordinary anteroposterior exposure of the shoulder: a report of the use of the oblique view in 1800 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1937;37(4):498–509.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Zanca P. Shoulder pain: involvement of the acromioclavicular joint. (Analysis of 1,000 cases). Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1971;112(3):493–506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Castagno AA, Shuman WP, Kilcoyne RF, Haynor DR, Morris ME, Matsen FA. Complex fractures of the proximal humerus: role of CT in treatment. Radiology. 1987;165(3):759–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Friedman RJ, Hawthorne KB, Genez BM. The use of computerized tomography in the measurement of glenoid version. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74(7):1032–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Green A, Green A, Norris TR, Norris TR. Imaging techniques for glenohumeral arthritis and glenohumeral arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;307:7–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Iannotti JP, Gabriel JP, Schneck SL, Evans BG, Misra S. The normal glenohumeral relationships. An anatomical study of one hundred and forty shoulders. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992;74(4):491–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Figgie HE, Inglis AE, Goldberg VM, Ranawat CS, Figgie MP, Wile JM. An analysis of factors affecting the long-term results of total shoulder arthroplasty in inflammatory arthritis. J Arthroplasty. 1988;3(2):123–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Deshmukh AV, Koris M, Zurakowski D, Thornhill TS. Total shoulder arthroplasty: long-term survivorship, functional outcome, and quality of life. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;14(5):471–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stewart MP, Kelly IG. Total shoulder replacement in rheumatoid disease: 7- to 13-year follow-up of 37 joints. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1997;79(1):68–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sperling JW, Cofield RH, Rowland CM. Minimum fifteen-year follow-up of Neer hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty in patients aged fifty years or younger. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13(6):604–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Orfaly RM, Rockwood CA, Esenyel CZ, Wirth MA. A prospective functional outcome study of shoulder arthroplasty for osteoarthritis with an intact rotator cuff. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2003;12(3):214–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Sanchez-Sotelo J, Wright TW, O’Driscoll SW, Cofield RH, Rowland CM. Radiographic assessment of uncemented humeral components in total shoulder arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2001;16(2):180–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Mileti J, Boardman ND, Sperling JW, et al. Radiographic analysis of polyethylene glenoid components using modern cementing techniques. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13(5):492–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Klepps S, Chiang AS, Miller S, Jiang CY, Hazrati Y, Flatow EL. Incidence of early radiolucent glenoid lines in patients having total shoulder replacements. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;435:118–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Franklin JL, Barrett WP, Jackins SE, Matsen FA. Glenoid loosening in total shoulder arthroplasty. Association with rotator cuff deficiency. J Arthroplasty. 1988;3(1):39–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lazarus MD, Jensen KL, Southworth C, Matsen FA. The radiographic evaluation of keeled and pegged glenoid component insertion. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84-A(7):1174–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Amstutz HC, Thomas BJ, Kabo JM, Jinnah RH, Dorey FJ. The Dana total shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70(8):1174–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Boyd AD, Thomas WH, Scott RD, Sledge CB, Thornhill TS. Total shoulder arthroplasty versus hemiarthroplasty. Indications for glenoid resurfacing. J Arthroplasty. 1990;5(4):329–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Torchia ME, Cofield RH, Settergren CR. Total shoulder arthroplasty with the Neer prosthesis: long-term results. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1997;6(6):495–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Skirving AP. Total shoulder arthroplasty—current problems and possible solutions. J Orthop Sci. 1999;4(1):42–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Nagels J, Valstar ER, Stokdijk M, Rozing PM. Patterns of loosening of the glenoid component. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84(1):83–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Boileau P, Watkinson DJ, Hatzidakis AM, Balg F. Grammont reverse prosthesis: design, rationale, and biomechanics. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;14(1 Suppl S):147S–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Werner CML, Steinmann PA, Gilbart M, Gerber C. Treatment of painful pseudoparesis due to irreparable rotator cuff dysfunction with the Delta III reverse-ball-and-socket total shoulder prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(7):1476–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Sirveaux F, Favard L, Oudet D. Grammont inverted total shoulder arthroplasty in the treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis with massive rupture of the cuff. Results of a multicentre study of 80 Shoulders. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86(3):388–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Grassi FA, Murena L, Valli F, Alberio R. Six-year experience with the Delta III reverse shoulder prosthesis. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2009;17(2):151–6.

    Google Scholar 

  36. John M, Pap G, Angst F, et al. Short-term results after reversed shoulder arthroplasty (Delta III) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and irreparable rotator cuff tear. Int Orthop. 2010;34(1):71–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Farshad M, Gerber C. Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty-from the most to the least common complication. Int Orthop. 2010;34(8):1075–82.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Vanhove B, Beugnies A. Grammont’s reverse shoulder prosthesis for rotator cuff arthropathy. A retrospective study of 32 cases. Acta Orthop Belg. 2004;70(3):219–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Levigne C, Garret J, Boileau P, Alami G, Favard L, Walch G. Scapular notching in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: is it important to avoid it and how? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469(9):2512–20.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Nyffeler RW, Werner C, Gerber C. Biomechanical relevance of glenoid component positioning in the reverse Delta III total shoulder prosthesis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2005;14(5):524–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Levy JC, Virani N, Pupello D, Frankle M. Use of the reverse shoulder prosthesis for the treatment of failed hemiarthroplasty in patients with glenohumeral arthritis and rotator cuff deficiency. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89(2):189–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Cuff D, Pupello D, Virani N, Levy J, Frankle M. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for the treatment of rotator cuff deficiency. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(6):1244–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kalouche I, Sevivas N, Wahegaonker A, Sauzieres P, Katz D, Valenti P. Reverse shoulder arthroplasty: does reduced medialisation improve radiological and clinical results? Acta Orthop Belg. 2009;75(2):158–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Merolla G, Di Pietto F, Romano S, Paladini P, Campi F, Porcellini G. Radiographic analysis of shoulder anatomical arthroplasty. Eur J Radiol. 2008;68(1):159–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Sperling JW, Cofield RH, O’Driscoll SW, Torchia ME, Rowland CM. Radiographic assessment of ingrowth total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9(6):507–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Wirth MA, Rockwood CA. Complications of total shoulder-replacement arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78(4):603–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Sperling JW, Cofield RH, Rowland CM. Neer hemiarthroplasty and Neer total shoulder arthroplasty in patients fifty years old or less. Long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80(4):464–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Neer CS. Replacement arthroplasty for glenohumeral osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1974;56(1):1–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Jahnke AH, Hawkins RJ. Instability after shoulder arthroplasty: causative factors and treatment options. Semin Arthroplasty. 1995;6(4):289–96.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Brems JJ. Complications of shoulder arthroplasty: infections, instability, and loosening. Instr Course Lect. 2002;51:29–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gartsman GM, Russell JA, Gaenslen E. Modular shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1997;6(4):333–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hawkins RJ, Bell RH, Jallay B. Total shoulder arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;242:188–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Middleton WD, Reinus WR, Totty WG, Melson CL, Murphy WA. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the rotator cuff and biceps tendon. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1986;68(3):440–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hennigan SP, Iannotti JP. Instability after prosthetic arthroplasty of the shoulder. Orthop Clin North Am. 2001;32(4):649–59, ix.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Stefko JM, Jobe FW, VanderWilde RS, Carden E, Pink M. Electromyographic and nerve block analysis of the subscapularis liftoff test. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1997;6(4):347–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Armstrong A, Lashgari C, Teefey S, Menendez J, Yamaguchi K, Galatz LM. Ultrasound evaluation and clinical correlation of subscapularis repair after total shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006;15(5):541–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Sofka CM, Adler RS. Original report. Sonographic evaluation of shoulder arthroplasty. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;180(4):1117–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Warren RF, Coleman SH, Dines JS. Instability after arthroplasty: the shoulder. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17(4 Suppl 1):28–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Moeckel BH, Altchek DW, Warren RF, Wickiewicz TL, Dines DM. Instability of the shoulder after arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(4):492–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Kumar S, Sperling JW, Haidukewych GH, Cofield RH. Periprosthetic humeral fractures after shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A(4):680–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wright TW, Cofield RH. Humeral fractures after shoulder arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77(9):1340–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Sperling JW, Hawkins RJ, Walch G, Mahoney AP, Zuckerman JD. Complications in total shoulder arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect. 2013;62:135–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Sperling JW, Potter HG, Craig EV, Flatow E, Warren RF. Magnetic resonance imaging of painful shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11(4):315–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Potter HG, Foo LF. Magnetic resonance imaging of joint arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North Am. 2006;37(3):361–73, vi–vii.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Hayter CL, Koff MF, Shah P, Koch KM, Miller TT, Potter HG. MRI after arthroplasty: comparison of MAVRIC and conventional fast spin-echo techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(3):W405–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Koch KM, Lorbiecki JE, Hinks RS, King KF. A multispectral three-dimensional acquisition technique for imaging near metal implants. Magn Reson Med. 2009;61(2):381–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Koch KM, Brau AC, Chen W, et al. Imaging near metal with a MAVRIC-SEMAC hybrid. Magn Reson Med. 2011;65(1):71–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Westhoff B, Wild A, Werner A, Schneider T, Kahl V, Krauspe R. The value of ultrasound after shoulder arthroplasty. Skeletal Radiol. 2002;31(12):695–701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Rupp S, Seil R, Kohn D. [Significance of the hypoechoic area around the long biceps tendon in shoulder sonography—underlying pathology]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 1999;137(1):7–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. McMenamin D, Koulouris G, Morrison WB. Imaging of the shoulder after surgery. Eur J Radiol. 2008;68(1):106–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Buckwalter KA. CT Arthrography. Clin Sports Med. 2006;25(4):899–915.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. de Jesus JO, Parker L, Frangos AJ, Nazarian LN. Accuracy of MRI, MR arthrography, and ultrasound in the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears: a meta-analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(6):1701–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Cody DD. AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: topics in CT. Image processing in CT. Radiographics. 2002;22(5):1255–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Woertler K. Multimodality imaging of the postoperative shoulder. Eur Radiol. 2007;17(12):3038–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lee M-J, Kim S, Lee S-A, et al. Overcoming artifacts from metallic orthopedic implants at high-field-strength MR imaging and multi-detector CT1. Radiographics. 2007;27(3):791–803.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Fayad LM, Johnson P, Fishman EK. Multidetector CT of musculoskeletal disease in the pediatric patient: principles, techniques, and clinical applications. Radiographics. 2005;25(3):603–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Fritz J, Fishman EK, Small KM, et al. MDCT arthrography of the shoulder with datasets of isotropic resolution: indications, technique, and applications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;198(3):635–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. De Filippo M, Bertellini A, Sverzellati N, et al. Multidetector computed tomography arthrography of the shoulder: diagnostic accuracy and indications. Acta Radiol. 2008;49(5):540–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Wolfe SW, Figgie MP, Inglis AE, Bohn WW, Ranawat CS. Management of infection about total elbow prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72(2):198–212.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Yamaguchi K, Adams RA, Morrey BF. Infection after total elbow arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80(4):481–91.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Dodson CC, Thomas A, Dines JS, Nho SJ, Williams RJ, Altchek DW. Medial ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow in throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(12):1926–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Bauer TW. Diagnosis of periprosthetic infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(4):869.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Palestro CJ, Love C, Miller TT. Infection and musculoskeletal conditions: imaging of musculoskeletal infections. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20(6):1197–218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Love C, Marwin SE, Palestro CJ. Nuclear medicine and the infected joint replacement. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39(1):66–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Gemmel F, Wyngaert H, Love C, Welling MM, Gemmel P, Palestro CJ. Prosthetic joint infections: radionuclide state-of-the-art imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39(5):892–909.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Levitsky KA, Hozack WJ, Balderston RA, et al. Evaluation of the painful prosthetic joint. Relative value of bone scan, sedimentation rate, and joint aspiration. J Arthroplasty. 1991;6(3):237–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. de Winter F, van de Wiele C, Vogelaers D, de Smet K, Verdonk R, Dierckx RA. Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-position emission tomography: a highly accurate imaging modality for the diagnosis of chronic musculoskeletal infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A(5):651–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Love C, Marwin SE, Tomas MB, et al. Diagnosing infection in the failed joint replacement: a comparison of coincidence detection 18F-FDG and 111In-labeled leukocyte/99mTc-sulfur colloid marrow imaging. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(11):1864–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Zhuang H, Duarte PS, Pourdehnad M, et al. The promising role of 18F-FDG PET in detecting infected lower limb prosthesis implants. J Nucl Med. 2001;42(1):44–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Kwee TC, Kwee RM, Alavi A. FDG-PET for diagnosing prosthetic joint infection: systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35(11):2122–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA

    Phillip Williams MD

  2. Department of Radiology and Imaging, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA

    Gabrielle Konin MD

  3. Department of Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA

    Lawrence V. Gulotta MD

Authors
  1. Phillip Williams MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gabrielle Konin MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lawrence V. Gulotta MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Phillip Williams MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

    Stephen F. Brockmeier

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Williams, P., Konin, G., Gulotta, L.V. (2015). Imaging Evaluation of the Painful or Failed Shoulder Arthroplasty. In: Brockmeier, S. (eds) MRI-Arthroscopy Correlations. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2645-9_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2645-9_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2644-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2645-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation