Abstract
A wealth of recent research has documented the distinctive responses of colonized peoples to colonizing forces. Case studies demonstrate that the goods that circulated through emerging capitalist networks were recontextualized as people consumed them according to their own logics. Important as this work is, our focus on the distinctive character of “local responses” can inadvertently reinforce a view of colonized regions (e.g., Africa) as places apart. By replicating an earlier anthropological gaze—outward and downward on the “peripheries” of an emerging capitalist system—broader circulations and connections disappear beneath the surface of particularized responses. The central argument of this chapter is that our increasingly robust understanding of the materiality of colonial processes in the colonies is not balanced by an equally robust appreciation of metropolitan materialities. Using cowries and ivory as exemplars, the chapter explores analytical strategies that bring into view how their circulations contributed to the emergence of the Victorian ecumene through which “us” and “other” were mutually constituted. Attending to these circulations provincializes Europe at the same time as they bring into view the profoundly reciprocal, enmeshed and mutually entangled quality of our life worlds that appear separate for their distinctive qualities.
Europe was made by its imperial projects, as much as colonial encounters were shaped by conflicts within Europe itself (Stoler and Cooper 1997, p. 1)
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Notes
- 1.
For examples see Snodin and Styles 2004, Chap. 1, Figs. 11 and 13. Illustrations of shop interiors appear in Ackermann (1809) which is available as an e-book (http://www.worldcat.org/title/colour-illustrations-of-shop-interiors/oclc/228145517).
- 2.
The 200-year anniversary of Britain’s abolition of the slave trade was marked in 2006–2007 by numerous museum exhibits and publications that fostered growing awareness of how the Atlantic slave trade contributed to Britain’s prosperity (Dresser 2009; Kowaleski Wallace 2006; Oldfield 2007; Tibbles 2005).
- 3.
My focus here is on circulations between Africa (and more narrowly West Africa) and England; our understanding would be enriched by considering the broader flows of these and other objects, including beads on which there is a burgeoning literature in Africa and elsewhere (Burgess and Dussubieux 2007; Dussubieux et al. 2008; Robertshaw et al. 2003, 2006, 2010a, b; Turgeon 2004; Wood 2009). The fact that cowries have been recovered from North American sites associated with enslaved Africans (e.g., Grulich 2008; Samford 1996, p. 101), slave traders (Kale 1989), and incorporated into valued objects collected from Native American groups as far west as the Plains (Peabody 2010) suggests that we have much to learn from these broader flows.
- 4.
- 5.
For an exploration of how Africans used ivory as a medium to portray Portuguese “otherness” in the era of early Atlantic connections, see Blier (1993).
- 6.
It should be evident that the human skin in question was marked both racially and in terms of class. It was neither the skin of “others” or of those exposed to the elements by virtue of their work or life ways.
- 7.
See for example websites that emphasize cowries’ African connections: “The mysterious, magical cowry shell necklace or belt will not only add flavor to your outfit, but it will imbue you with some of the magic and beauty that they represent. Think about adding several cowry designs to your African clothing wardrobe today!” (http://www.yourafricanclothingshopblog.com/348/add-some-cowry-shell-jewelry-to-your-wardrobe/).
- 8.
It is notable, for example, that despite his contextualized comparisons of marriage, bride wealth and dowry practices in Africa and Europe, Goody describes the use of cowries as bride wealth among societies in northern Ghana without referencing the history of their introduction to the continent (e.g., Goody and Tambiah 1973).
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Acknowledgments
Thanks are extended to François Richard and Dores Cruz for the invitation to participate in the 2008 SAA panel, where this paper was first presented. An expanded version was presented as a seminar in the “Emerging Worlds Series” sponsored by The Center for Cultural Studies and the Department of Anthropology at the University of California, Santa Cruz in March 2009. The chapter has benefitted from the input received on both occasions, and I am particularly grateful to François Richard for his thoughtful comments on the original draft.
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Stahl, A. (2015). Circulations Through Worlds Apart: Georgian and Victorian England in an African Mirror. In: Richard, F. (eds) Materializing Colonial Encounters. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2633-6_3
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